9.1 Introduction and Progress since the Second Assessment Report
9.2.1 Impacts from Multisectoral Studies
9.2.1.1 Effects of Carbon Taxes and Auctioned Emission Permits
9.2.1.2 Reducing Subsidies in the Energy Sector
9.2.1.3 Sectoral Impacts of the Kyoto Mechanisms9.2.2.1 Costs for the Coal Sector of Mitigation Options
9.2.2.2 Ancillary benefits for Coal Production and Use of Mitigation Options9.2.3 Petroleum and Natural Gas
9.2.3.2 Natural Gas
9.2.3.3 Ancillary Benefits of GHG Mitigation in the Oil and Gas Industry9.2.4.1 Electricity Use and Production Fuel Mix
9.2.4.2 Impacts of Mitigation on the Electricity Sector
9.2.4.3 Ancillary Benefits Associated with Mitigation in the Electricity Industry
9.2.4.4 Ancillary Costs Associated with Mitigation in the Electricity Industry9.2.5 Agriculture and Forestry
9.2.5.1 Ancillary Benefits for Agriculture from Reduced Air Pollution
9.2.5.2 Ancillary Benefits from Carbon Sequestration9.2.6.1 Effects on Manufacturing from Multisectoral Top-down Studies
9.2.6.2 Mitigation and Manufacturing Employment
9.2.6.3 Mitigation Measures and Technology Strategy9.2.7 Construction
9.2.8 Transport9.2.8.1 Aviation
9.2.8.2 Passenger Cars
9.2.8.3 Freight Trucks, Rail, and Shipping
9.2.8.4 Co-benefits from Reduced Road Traffic9.2.8.4.1 Air Pollution Associated with Road Traffic
9.2.8.4.2 Road Congestion
9.2.8.4.3 Road Traffic Crashes9.2.9 Services
9.2.10 Households9.2.10.1 Distributional Effects of Mitigation
9.2.10.2 Electricity and Demand-side Management
9.2.10.3 Effects of Improvement in Energy Efficiency
9.2.10.4 Ancillary Benefits for Households
9.2.10.5 The Asia Least-cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy Studies
9.3 International Spillovers from Mitigation Strategies
9.4.1 The Influence of Methods
9.4.1.1 Top-down and Bottom-up Modelling
9.4.1.2 General Equilibrium and Time-series Econometric Modelling9.4.2.1 Baseline
9.4.2.2 Costs and Availability of Technology
9.4.2.3 Endogenous Technological Change
9.4.2.4 Price Elasticity
9.4.2.5 Degree of Aggregation
9.4.2.6 Treatment of Returns to Scale
9.4.2.7 Treatment of Environmental Damages
9.4.2.8 Recycling of Tax Revenues
9.4.2.9 International Environmental Policy
9.5 Areas for Further Research
References
Co-ordinating Lead Authors:
Terry Barker (UK), Leena Srivastava (India)
Lead Authors:
Majid Al-Moneef (Saudi-Arabia), Lenny Bernstein (USA), Patrick Criqui (France),
Devra Davis (USA), Stephen Lennon (South Africa), Junfeng Li (China), Julio
Torres Martinez (Cuba), Shunsuke Mori (Japan)
Contributing Authors:
Lee Ann Kozak (USA), Denise Mauzerall (USA), Gina Roos (South Africa), William
Rhodes (USA), Sudhir Sharma (India), Sharmila B. Srikanth (India), Clive Turner
(South Africa), Marcelo Villena (Chile)
Review Editor:
Tomihiro Taniguchi (Japan)
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