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12.1.1. Overview
12.1.2. Previous Work
12.1.3. Socioeconomic Trends
12.1.4. Climate Trends
12.1.5. Climate Scenarios Used in Regional Studies
12.1.5.1. Spatial Patterns of Temperature and Rainfall
12.1.5.2. Uncertainties and Probabilistic Scenarios
12.1.5.3 Changes in Extreme Events and Sea Level
12.1.5.4 New SRES Scenarios
12.3. Water Supply and Hydrology
12.3.1. Water Supply
12.3.2. Water Allocation and Policy
12.3.3. Inland and Coastal Salinization
12.3.4. Water Quality
12.4. Ecosystems and Conservation
12.4.1. Introduction
12.4.2. Forests and Woodlands
12.4.3. Rangelands
12.4.4. Alpine Systems
12.4.5. Wetlands
12.4.6. Riverine Environments
12.4.7. Coastal and Marine Systems
12.4.8. Landscape Management as a Goal for Conservation and Adaptation
12.5.1. Introduction
12.5.2. Pastoral Farming
12.5.3. Cropping and Horticulture
12.5.4. Forestry
12.5.5. Fisheries
12.5.6. Drought
12.5.7. Pests and Diseases
12.5.8. Sustainability
12.5.9. Global Markets
12.5.10. Indigenous Resource Management
12.6. Settlements and Industry
12.6.1 Infrastructure
12.6.2. Investment and Insurance
12.6.3. Energy and Minerals
12.6.4. Coastal Development and Management, Tourism
12.6.5. Risk Management
12.7.1. Diseases and Injuries
12.7.2. Vulnerability
12.7.3. Complexities of Forecasting Health Effects
12.7.4. Public Health Infrastructure
12.7.5. Design of Human Environments
12.7.6. Vulnerable Populations, including Indigenous and Poor
12.8. Adaptation Potential and Vulnerability
12.8.1. Adaptation and Possible Benefits of Climate Change
12.8.2. Integrated Assessments and Thresholds
12.8.3. Natural Systems
12.8.4. Managed Systems
12.8.5. Human Environments
12.8.6. Indigenous People
12.8.7. Extra-Regional Factors
12.9.1 Introduction
12.9.2. Observed Consequences of Past and Current Climate Variability in the Region
12.9.3. Factors Influencing Vulnerability
12.9.3.1. Abrupt or Nonlinear Changes in Impacts12.9.4. Impacts for Differing Emissions Scenarios and Stabilization Pathways
12.9.3.2. Interactions with Other Environmental and Social Factors
12.9.3.3. Regional-Global Interactions
12.9.5. Uncertainties and Risk Management
12.9.6. Vulnerability and Adaptability in Australia and New Zealand
12.9.7. Knowledge Gaps
BARRIE PITTOCK (AUSTRALIA) AND DAVID WRATT (NEW ZEALAND)
Lead Authors:
R. Basher (New Zealand), B. Bates (Australia), M. Finlayson (Australia), H.
Gitay (Australia), A. Woodward (New Zealand)
Contributing Authors:
A. Arthington (Australia), P. Beets (New Zealand), B. Biggs (New Zealand), H.
Clark (New Zealand), I. Cole (Australia), B. Collyer (Australia), S. Crimp (Australia),
K. Day (Australia), J. Ford-Robertson (New Zealand), F. Ghassemi (Australia),
J. Grieve (New Zealand), D. Griffin (Australia), A. Hall (New Zealand), W. Hall
(Australia), G. Horgan (New Zealand), P.D. Jamieson (New Zealand), R. Jones
(Australia), G. Kenny (New Zealand), S. Lake (Australia), R. Leigh (Australia),
V. Lyne (Australia), M. McGlone (New Zealand), K. McInnes (Australia), G. McKeon
(Australia), J. McKoy (New Zealand), B. Mullan (New Zealand), P. Newton (New
Zealand), J. Renwick (New Zealand), D. Smith (Australia), B. Sutherst (Australia),
K. Walsh (Australia), B. Watson (Australia), D. White (Australia), T. Yonow
(Australia)
Review Editor:
M. Howden (Australia)
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