11. Asia

11.1.1. Background
11.1.2. Physical and Ecological Features

11.1.2.1. Regional Zonation
11.1.2.2. Trends and Variability in Key Climate Variables

11.1.2.2.1. Surface air temperature
11.1.2.2.2. Precipitation
11.1.2.3. Extreme Events and Severe Weather Systems
11.1.3. Scenarios of Future Climate Change

11.1.3.1. Surface Air Temperature
11.1.3.2. Diurnal Temperature Range
11.1.3.3. Precipitation
11.1.3.4. High-Resolution Climate Change Experiments
11.1.4. Sensitivity, Key Vulnerabilities, and Adaptability

11.1.4.1. Sensitivity and Key Vulnerabilities
11.1.4.2. Adaptability

11.2. Key Regional Concerns

11.2.1. Ecosystems and Biodiversity

11.2.1.1. Mountain and Highland Systems
11.2.1.2. Lakes/Streams, Rivers, and Glaciers
11.2.1.3. Forests, Grasslands, and Rangelands
11.2.1.4. Drylands
11.2.1.5. Cryosphere and Permafrost
11.2.1.6. Protected Areas and Risks to Living Species
11.2.2. Agriculture and Food Security

11.2.2.1. Production Systems
11.2.2.2. Grain Supply and Demand in Asia
11.2.2.3. Food Security
11.2.3. Hydrology and Water Resources

11.2.3.1. Water Availability
11.2.3.2. Water Needs and Management Implications
11.2.4. Oceanic and Coastal Ecosystems

11.2.4.1. Oceans and Coastal Zones
11.2.4.2. Deltas, Estuarine, and Other Coastal Ecosystems
11.2.4.3. Coral Reefs
11.2.4.4. Fisheries and Aquaculture
11.2.4.5. Tropical Cyclone and Storm Surges
11.2.4.6. Potential Impacts and Coastal Zone Management
11.2.5. Human Health

11.2.5.1. Thermal Stress and Air Pollution-Related Diseases
11.2.5.2. Vector-Borne Diseases
11.2.5.3. Diseases Resulting from Higher UV-B Exposures
11.2.5.4. Other Diseases
11.2.6. Human Dimensions

11.2.6.1. Climate Extremes and Migration
11.2.6.2. Infrastructure Linkages
11.2.6.3. Industry, Energy, and Transportation
11.2.6.4. Financial Aspects

11.3. Vulnerability and Adaptation Potential

11.3.1. Resilience of Resources, Populations, and Infrastructure
11.3.2. Regional and Sectoral Strategies

11.3.2.1. Boreal Asia
11.3.2.2. Arid and Semi-Arid Asia
11.3.2.3. Temperate Asia
11.3.2.4. Tropical Asia
11.3.3. Institutional and Financial Barriers

11.4. Synthesis

11.4.1. Key Observations and Uncertainties
11.4.2. Future Needs

References

MURARI LAL (INDIA), HIDEO HARASAWA (JAPAN), AND DANIEL MURDIYARSO (INDONESIA)

Lead Authors:
W.N. Adger (UK), S. Adhikary (Nepal), M. Ando (Japan), Y. Anokhin (Russia), R.V. Cruz (Philippines), M. Ilyas (Malaysia), Z. Kopaliani (Russia), F. Lansigan (Philippines), Congxian Li (China), A. Patwardhan (India), U. Safriel (Israel), H. Suharyono (Indonesia), Xinshi Zhang (China)

Contributing Authors:
M. Badarch (Mongolia), Xiongwen Chen (China), S. Emori (Japan), Jingyun Fang (China), Qiong Gao (China), K. Hall (USA), T. Jarupongsakul (Thailand), R. Khanna-Chopra (India), R. Khosa (India), M.P. Kirpes (USA), A. Lelakin (Russia), N. Mimura (Japan), M.Q. Mirza (Bangladesh), S. Mizina (Kazakhstan), M. Nakagawa (Japan), M. Nakayama (Japan), Jian Ni (China), A. Nishat (Bangladesh), A. Novoplansky (Israel), T. Nozawa (Japan), W.T. Piver (USA), P.S. Ramakrishnan (India), E. Rankova (Russia), T.L. Root (USA), D. Saltz (Israel), K.P. Sharma (Nepal), M.L. Shrestha (Nepal), G. Srinivasan (India), T.S. Teh (Malaysia), Xiaoping Xin (China), M. Yoshino (Japan), A. Zangvil (Israel), Guangsheng Zhou (China)

Review Editors:
Su Jilan (China) and T. Ososkova (Uzbekistan)

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11. Asia

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