9.1.1. Summary of IPCC Second Assessment Report (1996): Potential Health Impacts of Climate Change
9.1.2. Population Health and its Significance as an Outcome of Climate Change
9.2. Research into the Relationship between Climate Change and Health: Caveats and Challenges
9.2.1. New Knowledge about Climate Change Impacts on Health
9.2.2. Characteristics and Methodological Difficulties
9.3. Sensitivity, Vulnerability, and Adaptation
9.4. Thermal Stress (Heat Waves, Cold Spells)
9.4.1. Heat Waves
9.4.2. Decreased Mortality Resulting from Milder Winters
9.5. Extreme Events and Weather Disasters
9.5.1. Floods
9.5.2. Storms and Tropical Cyclones
9.5.3. Droughts
9.6.1. Gases, Fine Particulates
9.6.1.1. Effects of Air Pollution, Season, and Weather on Health9.6.2. Aeroallergens (e.g., Pollen)
9.6.1.2. Future Changes in Air Quality
9.7.1.1 Modeling the Impact of Climate Change on Malaria9.7.2. Dengue
9.7.2.1 Modeling the Impact of Climate Change on Dengue9.7.3. Other Mosquito-Borne Viruses
9.7.4. Leishmaniasis
9.7.5. Schistosomiasis
9.7.6. Chagas' Disease
9.7.7. Plague
9.7.8. Tick-Borne Diseases
9.7.8.1. Lyme Disease9.7.9. Rodent-Borne Diseases
9.7.8.2. Tick-Borne Encephalitis
9.7.9.1. Leptospirosis9.7.10. Water-Related Infectious Diseases
9.7.9.2. Hantaviruses
9.7.11. Other Infectious Diseases
9.9. Food Yields and Nutrition
9.10. Demographic and Economic Disruption
9.11.1. Extreme Events and Natural Disasters
9.11.2. Malaria Epidemics
9.12. Secondary Health Benefits of Mitigation Policies
9.13 Research and Information Needs, including Monitoring
9.14.1 Costing the Health Impacts of Climate Change
9.14.2 Development, Sustainability, and Equity
Anthony McMichael (UK) and Andrew Githeko (Kenya)
Lead Authors:
R. Akhtar (India), R. Carcavallo (Argentina), D. Gubler (USA), A. Haines (UK),
R.S. Kovats (UK), P. Martens (The Netherlands), J. Patz (USA), A. Sasaki (Japan)
Contributing Authors:
K.L. Ebi (USA), D. Focks (USA), L. Kalkstein (USA), E. Lindgren (Sweden), S.
Lindsay (UK), R. Sturrock (UK)
Review Editors:
U. Confalonieri (Brazil) and A. Woodward (New Zealand)
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