Climate Change 2001:
Working Group III: Mitigation
Other reports in this collection

IV Units, Conversion Factors, and GDP Deflators

SI (Système International) Units
Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol
length metre m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol

 

SI (Système International) Units (continued)
Fraction Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol
10-1 deci d 10 deca da
10-2 centi c 102 hecto h
10-3 milli m 103 kilo k
10-6 micro µ 106 mega M
10-9 nano n 109 giga G
10-12 pico p 1012 tera T
10-15 femto f 1015 peta P
      1018 eta E
      1021 zeta Z

 

Special Names and Symbols for Certain SI-Derived Units
Physical Quantity Name of SI Unit Symbol for SI Unit Definition of Unit
force newton N kg m s-2
pressure pascal Pa kg m-1 s-2 (= N m-2)
energy joule J kg m2 s-2
power watt W kg m2 s-3 (= J s-1)
frequency hertz Hz s-1 (cycles per second)

 

Decimal Fractions and Multiples of SI Units Having Special Names
Physical Quantity Name of SI Unit Symbol for SI Unit Definition of Unit
length ångstrom Å 10-10 m = 10-8 cm
length micron µm 10-6 m
area hectare ha 104 m2
force dyne dyn 10-5 N
pressure bar bar 105 N m-2 = 105 Pa
pressure millibar mb 102 N m-2 = 1 hPa
mass tonne t 103 kg
mass gram g 10-3 kg
column density Dobson units DU 2.687x1016 molecules cm-2
Stream function Sverdrup Sv 106 m3 s-1

 

Non-SI Units 

°C degree Celsius 			(0 °C = 273 K approximately)
				Temperature differences are also given in °C (=K) 
				rather than the more correct form of “Celsius degrees”.
ppmv 				parts per million (106) by volume
ppbv 				parts per billion (109) by volume
pptv 				parts per trillion (1012) by volume
yr				year
Btu				British Themal Unit
MWe 				megawatts of electricity
tce 				tonnes of coal equivalent
toe				tonnes of oil equivalent
boe				barrels of oil equivalent

 

The units of mass adopted in this report are generally those which have come into common usage and have deliberately
not been harmonized, e.g.,

kt				kilotonnes (103 tonnes)
GtC 				gigatonnes of carbon (1 GtC = (109 tonnes C = 3.67 Gt
				carbon dioxide)
PgC 				petagrams of carbon (1 PgC = 1 GtC)
MtN 				megatonnes (106 tonnes) of nitrogen
TgC 				teragrams of carbon (1 TgC = 1 MtC)
TgCH4 				teragrams of methane
TgN 				teragrams of nitrogen
TgS 				teragrams of sulphur

Conversion Factors1

C - CO2 Conversion Factor

C/CO2 = 1/3.67


General Conversion Factors for Energy
To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh
From: multiple by:
TJ 1 238.8 2.388 x 10-5 947.8 0.2778
Gcal 4.1868 x 10-3 1 10-7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3
Mtoe 4.1868 x 104 107 1 3.968 x 107 11630
MBtu 1.0551 x 10-3 0.252 2.52 x 10-8 1 2.391 x 10-4
GWh 3.6 860 8.6 x 10-5 3412 1

 

Conversion Factors for Mass
To: kg t lt st lb
From: multiple by:
kilogram (kg) 1 0.001 9.84 x 10-4 1.102 x 10-3 2.2046
tonne (t) 1000 1 0.984 1.1023 2204.6
long ton (lt) 1016 1.016 1 1.120 2240.0
short ton (st) 907.2 0.9072 0.893 1 2000.0
Pound (lb) 0.454 4.54 x 10-4 4.46 x 10-4 5.0 x 10-4 1

 

Conversion Factors for Volume
To: gal US gal UK bbl ft3 l m3
From: multiple by:
US Gallon (gal) 1 0.8327 0.02381 0.1337 3.785 0.0038
UK Gallon (gal) 1.201 1 0.02859 0.1605 4.546 0.0045
Barrel (bbl) 42.0 34.97 1 5.615 159.0 0.159
Cubic foot (ft3) 7.48 6.229 0.1781 1 28.3 0.0283
Litre (l) 0.2642 0.220 0.0063 0.0353 1 0.001
Cubic metre (m3) 264.2 220.0 6.289 35.3147 1000.0 1

Specific Net Calorific Values

Crude Oil*
  toe/tonne
Saudi Arabia 1.0160
United States 1.0286
Former USSR 1.0050
Iran 1.0190
Venezuela 1.0685
Mexico 1.0115
Norway 1.0260
People's Rep. of China 1.0000
United Kingdom 1.0415
UAE 1.0180
* for selected countries

 

Petroleum Products*
  toe/tonne
Refinery Gas 1.150
LPG 1.130
Ethane 1.130
Motor Gasoline 1.070
Jet Fuel 1.065
Kerosene 1.045
Naphtha 1.075
Gas/Diesel Oil 1.035
Fuel Oil 0.960
Other Products 0.960
* selected products – average values

 

Coal*
  toe/tonne
People's Rep. of China 0.500
United States 0.646
India 0.477
South Africa 0.564
Australia 0.597
Russia 0.444
Poland 0.543
Kazakhstan 0.444
Ukraine 0.516
Germany 0.604
* steam coal production for selected countries

 

Gross Caloric Values

Natural Gas*
  kJ/m3
Russia 37579
United States 38416
Canada 38130
Netherlands 38220
United Kingdom 39518
Indonesia 40600
Algeria 42000
Uzbekistan 37889
Saudi Arabia 38000
Norway 40460
* for selected countries (production).
Note: to calculate the net heat content, the gross heat content is multiplied by 0.9.

 

Conventions for Electricity

Figures for electricity production, trade and final consumption are calculated using the energy content of the electricity (i.e. at a rate of 1TWh = 0.086Mtoe). Hydro-electricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity produced by other non-thermal means (wind, tide, photovoltaic, etc.) are accounted
for similarly using 1TWh = 0.086 Mtoe. However, the primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from the gross generation by assuming a 33% conversion efficiency, i.e. 1TWh = (0.086/0.33) Mtoe. In the case of electricity produced from geothermal heat, if the actual geothermal efficiency is not known, then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency of 10%, so 1TWh = (0.086 / 0.1) Mtoe.

 

GDP Deflators and Changes in Consumer Prices (Per cent)
 
1982-1991
1992-2001
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
GDP deflators

Advanced economies
4.8
2.0
3.2
2.7
2.2
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.9

United States
3.7
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.3

Japan
5.8
2.5
4.3
4.3
2.7
3.0
2.5
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.7

European Union
1.8
-
1.7
0.6
0.2
-0.6
-1.4
0.3
0.3
-0.9
-0.8
0.9

Other advanced economies
8.7
2.4
3.8
3.8
3.3
3.4
2.9
2.1
1.5
0.3
1.3
2.2
Consumer prices

Advanced economies
4.9
2.3
3.5
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.0

United States
4.1
2.5
3.0
3.0
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.3
1.6
2.2
2.5
2.5

European Union
5.7
2.5
4.6
3.8
3.0
2.9
2.5
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.8

Japan
1.9
0.7
1.7
1.2
0.7
-0.1
0.1
1.7
0.6
-0.3
0.1
0.9

Other advanced economies
8.8
2.8
3.8
3.4
3.3
3.8
3.2
2.4
2.6
1.0
2.5
2.4

Developing countries
45.7
20.3
36.1
49.8
55.1
22.9
15.1
9.5
10.1
6.5
5.7
4.7

Regional groups

Africa
19.6
24.4
47.1
38.7
54.8
35.5
30.0
13.6
9.2
11.0
9.6
6.1

Asia
9.7
7.6
8.6
10.8
16.0
13.2
8.2
4.7
7.6
2.5
2.6
3.0

Middle East and Europe
21.2
24.7
26.5
26.6
33.3
38.9
26.6
25.3
26.0
20.3
16.2
9.4

Western Hemisphere
166.9
47.4
109.1
202.6
202.5
34.4
21.4
13.0
9.8
8.8
7.7
6.4

Analytical groups

By source of export earnings

Fuel
13.7
21.4
22.1
26.2
31.8
43.2
31.9
16.1
15.6
12.0
10.5
8.8

Non fuel
51.2
20.3
38.0
53.0
58.0
20.8
13.5
8.9
9.6
6.0
5.2
4.3

By external financing source

Net creditor countries
2.8
3.6
4.3
5.5
4.0
5.8
3.9
1.9
1.8
1.4
3.3
4.1

Net debtor countries
47.7
20.9
37.4
51.6
57.2
23.5
15.5
9.8
10.4
6.7
5.8
4.7

Official financing
34.3
24.0
59.3
37.4
64.8
30.9
22.4
11.2
8.2
10.4
7.6
4.4

Private financing
54.6
21.0
38.0
57.1
61.4
21.4
13.9
9.2
10.0
5.7
5.1
4.3

Diversified financing
22.5
19.2
24.6
28.5
26.2
33.0
26.1
13.3
12.5
11.5
10.7
8.6

Net debitor countries by debt - servicing experience

Countries with arrears and / or rescheduling during 1994-98
100.1
49.8
113.6
204.3
219.9
38.7
19.8
10.4
16.6
11.6
8.1
6.0

Other net debtor countries
27.5
11.0
14.0
14.1
18.6
18.8
13.9
9.6
8.3
5.0
5.0
4.3

Countries in transition
15.5
118.4
788.9
634.3
273.3
133.5
42.4
27.3
21.8
43.7
19.5
14.2

Central and Eastern Europe
...
74.8
278.3
366.8
150.4
72.2
32.1
38.4
18.7
20.5
19.4
12.3

Excluding Belarus & Ukraine
...
34.0
104.0
85.1
47.5
24.8
23.3
41.4
17.0
10.9
10.7
7.1

Russia
...
156.1
1734.7
874.7
307.4
197.4
47.6
14.7
27.7
85.9
20.5
15.9

Transcaucasus & C. Asia
...
193.8
949.2
1428.7
1800.7
265.4
80.8
33.0
13.1
15.5
16.3
17.9
Memorandum
Median inflation rate
Advanced economies
5.4
2.2
3.2
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.4
2.1
2.0
Developing countries
9.5
7.0
9.9
9.3
10.6
10.1
7.1
6.3
5.7
4.0
4.0
3.6
Countries in transition
11.9
155.2
839.1
472.3
131.6
39.2
24.1
14.8
10.0
8.1
7.9
5.2
Source: IMF (2000) World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC.

 


Other reports in this collection