Climate Change 2001:
Working Group III: Mitigation
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8.2.4.1 The Evaluation of the Ancillary Public Health Impacts

Studies estimating ancillary public health impacts from climate policies were examined, relying on three surveys of this literature (Ekins, 1996; Burtraw et al., 1999; Kverndokk and Rosendahl, 2000) and on summaries of the older literature, supplemented by some of the newer studies. Table 8.5 provides a description of each study, as well as the estimates of ancillary benefits per tonne of carbon. Table 8.6 summarizes the modelling choices of the studies reviewed.

Table 8.5: Scenarios and results of studies on ancillary benefit reviewed
Study
Area and sectors
Scenarios
(1996 US$)
Average
ancillary
benefits
US$/tC;
1996 US$)
Key pollutants
Major endpoints
Dessus and O’Connor, 1999
Chile (benefits in Santiago only) Tax of US$67 (10% carbon reduction)
Tax of US$157 (20% carbon reduction)
Tax of US$284 (30% carbon reduction)
251

254

267
Seven air pollutants Health—morbidity and mortality,
Cifuentes et al., 2000 Santiago, Chile

Energy efficiency

62 SO2, NOx, CO, NMHC
Indirect estimations for
PM10 and resuspended dust
Health
Garbaccio et al., 2000 China – 29 sectors
(4 energy)
Tax of US$1/tC
Tax of US$2/tC
52
52
PM10, SO2 Health
Wang and Smith, 1999 China – power and
household sectors
Supply-side energy efficiency
improvement
Least-cost per unit global-warmingreduction
fuel substitution
Least-cost per unit human-air-pollutionexposure-
reduction fuel substitution
  PM, SO2 Health
Aunan et al. 2000,
Kanudia and Loulou , 1998a
Hungary Energy Conservation Programme 508 TSP, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC,
CO2, CH4, N2O
Health effects; materials damage;
vegetation damage
Brendemoen and
Vennemo, 1994
Norway Tax US$840/tC 246 SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, CO2,
CH4, N2O, Particulates
Indirect: health costs; lost
recreational value from lakes
forests, ; corrosion
Direct: traffic noise, road
maintenance, congestion,
accidents
Barker and Rosendahl, 2000 Western Europe
(19 regions)
Tax US$161/tC 153 SO2, NOx, PM10 Human and animal health and
welfare, materials, buildings and
other physical capital, vegetation
Scheraga and Leary, 1993 USA US$144/tC 41 TSP, PM10, SOx, NOx,
CO, VOC, CO2, Pb
Health – morbidity and mortality
Boyd et al., 1995 USA US$9/tC 40 Pb, PM, SOx, SO4, O3 Health, visibility
Abt Associates and
Pechan-Avanti Group, 1999
USA Tax US$30/tC
Tax US$67/tC
8
68
Criteria pollutants Health – mortality and illness;
Visibility and household soiling
(materials damage)
Burtraw et al., 1999 USA Tax US$10/tC
Tax US$25/tC
Tax US$50/tC
3
2
2
SO2, NOx Health
NMHC, non-methane hydrocarbons; PM, particulate matter; PM10, particulate matter less than 10 microns; TSP, total suspended particulate; VOC, volatile organic compounds; IQ, intelligence quotient


The Burtraw et al. (1999) review of US ancillary benefit studies of public health impacts linked to mitigation policies applied to the electricity sector came to several important conclusions:

Kverndokk and Rosendahl (2000) review much of the recent ancillary benefit literature in the Nordic countries, UK, and Ireland, concluding that benefits are of the same order of magnitude as gross (i.e., private) mitigation costs. They also conclude that the benefits should be viewed as highly uncertain, because of the use of simplistic tools and transfers of dose–response and valuation functions from studies done in other countries. They point out that most of the Norwegian studies use expert judgement instead of established dose–response functions and estimates of national damages per tonne rather than distinguishing where emissions changes occur and exposures are reduced. Also, they point out that large differences in ancillary benefits per tonne across several Norwegian studies can be attributed to differences in energy demand and energy substitution elasticities. If energy production is reduced rather than switched to less carbon-intensive fuels, ancillary benefits will be far larger. Kverndokk and Rosendahl (2000) point out also that studies that feed environmental benefits back into the economic model add significantly to ancillary benefits.



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