17.5. Future Requirements, Information, and Research Needs
Although good progress has been made in understanding the vulnerability and
adaptation potential of small island states to climate change, the foregoing
discussion highlights critical information gaps and uncertainties that still
exist. It has been established that small island states constitute a very high-risk
group of countries as a consequence of their high vulnerability and low adaptive
capacity. Climate change is inevitable, even if any global agreement to limit
GHG emissions were swiftly implemented. Thus, the need to focus on adaptation
options and requirements already is critical for small islands, given that these
countries are projected to suffer disproportionately from the effects of climate
change (Bijlsma, 1996; Nurse et al., 1998; Nicholls et al., 1999;
Gillespie and Burns, 2000). The agenda set out below therefore is designed not
only to fill existing knowledge gaps but also to help identify opportunities
for minimizing the adverse effects of climate change (including avoidance of
maladaptation), as an important component of adaptation planning in these islands:
- For most small islands, the lack of geographical detail is a critical shortcoming.
Outputs from GCMs currently used to assess climate change impacts in small
islands are coarse and do not provide adequate information for countries at
the scale of small islands. Hence, there is an urgent need for downscaling
the outputs of the GCMs to better define and understand island-scale processes
and impacts.
- Research into the sensitivity of small islands to climate change, employing
an integrated approach, should continue. Studies on the vulnerability of human
and biophysical systems to climate change and their interaction with and response
to natural and human stresses (including extreme events ) need to be integrated
because the more common "reductionist" approaches tend to be deficient
in their treatment of interactive effects.
- Some small island states have initiated efforts to reduce the impact of
natural disasters and to use seasonal to interannual climate analysis and
climate forecasts to reduce the impacts of natural hazards. Because long-term
climate change may result in a more El Niño-like state, with more frequent
and severe extreme climate events, support to build on these past efforts
could help to reduce the vulnerability of these islands to climate change.
- Although small islands have many characteristics in common, the heterogeneity
factor should not be overlooked. Local conditions on widely varying island
types (e.g., tectonic changes, shorelines with large sediment availability
versus those with sediment deficits, highly fragmented versus single-island
states) may increase or decrease climate change impacts, so the outcomes could
be dramatically different in each small island setting. Climate change assessments
under such varying circumstances would improve present understanding of vulnerability
and adaptation requirements in small islands.
- Given their wide geographical dispersion, there is a need for a coordinated
monitoring program for small islands that evaluates the long-term response
of ecosystems to climate variability and change. The focus of such an effort
should be on the complex interactions that may occur within human and natural
systems to modify the frequency and magnitude of impacts expected and to identify
ecosystems that may be in danger of collapsing, so that timely adaptive action
might be taken. Such work would help to improve our understanding of the concepts
of homeostasis, resilience, and feedback mechanisms, whichthough frequently
alluded to in the literatureare poorly understood and are critical for
adaptation planning at the local and regional scale.
- Although the susceptibility of small islands to climate change impacts
is high and adaptive capacity is low, the overall level of vulnerability varies
within and among states. Thus, vulnerability indices being developed and refined
specifically for small islands [Crowards, 1999 (Caribbean Development Bank);
Kaly et al., 1999 (SOPAC)] have the potential to make a significant
contribution to adaptation planning and implementation in this constituency.
Countries therefore might wish to consider continuation of this work among
their research priorities.
Finally, there is some uneasiness in the small island states about perceived
overreliance on the use of outputs from climate models as a basis for planning
risk reduction and adaptation to climate change. There is a perception that
insufficient resources are being allocated to relevant empirical research and
observation in small islands. Climate models are simplifications of very complex
natural systems; they are severely limited in their ability to project changes
at small spatial scales, although they are becoming increasingly reliable for
identifying general trends. In the face of these concerns, therefore, it would
seem that the needs of small island states can best be accommodated by a balanced
approach that combines the outputs of downscaled models with analyses from empirical
research and observation undertaken in these countries.