Abdalati, W. and K. Steffen, 1997: Snowmelt on the Greenland ice sheet
as derived from passive microwave satellite data. Journal of Climate,
10, 165-175.
Ainley, D.G., C.R. Ribic, and W.R. Fraser, 1994: Ecological structure
among migrant and resident seabirds of the Scotia-Weddell confluence region.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 347-364.
Alekseev, G.V., Z.V. Bulatov, V.F. Zakharov, and V.P. Ivanov, 1997: Influx
of very warm water in the Arctic basin. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 356,
401-403 (in Russian).
Alexander, V., 1995: The influence of the structure and function of the
marine food web on the dynamics of contaminants in Arctic Ocean ecosystems.
The Science of the Total Environment, 160/161, 593-603.
Alexandrov, Ye.I. and V.V. Maistrova, 1998: The comparison of the air
temperature measurements for the polar regions. The Antarctica, 34,
60-72.
Allard, M. and J.N. Kasper, 1998: Ice wedge activity and climate changes
during the recent Holocene near Salluit, Northern Quebec, Canada. Transactions
of the American Geophyiscal Union, 79, F834.
Allard, M., B. Wang, and J.A. Pilon, 1995: Recent cooling along the southern
shore of Hudson Strait Quebec, Canada, documented from permafrost temperature
measurements. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27, 157-166.
AMAP, 1998: Arctic Pollution Issues [Wilson, S.J., J.L. Murray,
and H.P. Huntington (eds.)]. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo,
Norway, 859 pp.
AMAP, 1997: Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment
Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, Oslo, Norway, 188 pp.
Anderson, W.P. and R.J. DiFrancesco, 1997: Potential impacts of climate
warming on hydrocarbon production in the northern Mackenzie Basin. In: Mackenzie
Basin Impact Study Final Report [Cohen, S.J. (ed.)]. Atmospheric Environment
Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, pp. 247-252.
Anisimov, O., 1999: Impacts of anthropogenic climate change on heating
and air conditioning of buildings. Meteorology and Hydrology, 6,
10-17 (in Russian).
Anisimov, O.A. and F.E. Nelson, 1997: Permafrost zonation and climate
change: results from transient general circulation models. Climatic Change,
35, 241-258.
Anisimov, O.A. and V.Y. Poljakov, 1999: Predicting changes of the air
temperature in the first quarter of the 21st century. Meteorology and Hydrology,
2, 25-31 (in Russian).
Anisimov, O.A., N.I. Shiklomanov, and F.E. Nelson, 1997: Effects of global
warming on permafrost and active layer thickness: results from transient general
circulation models. Global and Planetary Change, 61, 61-77.
Are, F.E., 1999: The role of coastal retreat for sedimentation in the
Laptev Sea. In: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History
[Kassens, H., H.A. Bauch, I. Dmitrenko, H. Eicken, H.-W. Hubberten, M. Melles,
J. Thiede, and L. Timokhov (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 287-295.
Arft, A.M., M.D. Walker, J. Gurevitch, J.M. Alatalo, M.S. Bret-Harte,
M. Dale, M. Diemer, F. Gugerli, G.H.R. Henry, M.H. Jones, R.D. Hollister, I.S.
Jonsdottir, K. Laine, E. Levesque, G.M. Marion, U. Molau, P. Molgaard, U. Nordenhall,
V. Raszhivin, C.H. Robinson, G. Starr, A. Stenstrom, M. Stenstrom, O. Totland,
P.L. Turner, L.J. Walker, P.J. Webber, J.M. Welker, and P.A. Wookey, 1999: Responses
of tundra plants to experimental warming: meta-analysis of the international
tundra experiment. Ecological Monographs, 69, 491-511.
Arrigo, K.R., D. Worthen, A. Schnell, and M.P. Lizotte, 1998: Primary
production in Southern Ocean waters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
15587-15600.
Arrigo, K.R., D.H. Robinson, D.L. Worthen, R.B. Dunbar, G.R. DiTullio,
M. van Woert, and M.P. Lizotte, 1999: Phytoplankton community structure and
the drawdown of nutrients and CO2 in the Southern Ocean. Science,
283, 365-367.
Azam, F., D.C. Smith, and J.T. Hollibaugh, 1991: The role of the microbial
loop in Antarctic pelagic ecosystems. Polar Research, 10, 239-243.
Babaluk, J.A., J.D. Reist, J.D. Johnson, and L. Johnson, 2000: First
records of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha)
from Banks Island and other records of Pacific salmon in Northwest Territories,
Canada. Arctic, 53, 161-164.
Barber, D.G. and S.V. Nghiem, 1999. The role of snow on the thermal dependence
of backscatter over sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C11),
25789-25803.
Barrie, L., R. Macdonald, T. Bidleman, M. Diamond, D. Gregor, R. Semkin,
W. Strachan, M. Alaee, S. Backus, M. Bewers, C. Gobeil, C. Halsall, J. Hoff,
A. Li, L. Lockhart, D. Mackay, D. Muir, J. Pudykiewicz, K. Reimer, J. Smith,
G. Stern, W. Schroeder, R. Wagemann, F. Wania, and M. Yunker, 1997: Sources,
occurrences and pathways. In: Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report
[Jensen, J., K. Adare, and R. Shearer (eds.)]. Department of Indian and Northern
Affairs, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 25-182.
Barry, R.G. and M.C. Serreze, 2000: Atmospheric component of the Arctic
Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability. In: The Freshwater
Budget of the Arctic Ocean [Lewis, E.L., E.P. Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse,
and P. Wadhams (eds.)]. NATO Science Series, No. 2, Environmental Security,
J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Vol. 70, pp. 45-56.
Beamish, R.J., 1995: Response of anadromous fish to climate change in
the North Pacific. In: Human Ecology and Climate Change [Peterson, D.L.
and D.R. Johnson (eds.)]. Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 123-136.
Beltaos, S. and T.D. Prowse, 2000: Climate impacts on extreme ice jam
events in Canadian rivers. In: Contributions to IHP-V by Canadian Experts.
International Hydrological Programme, Technical Documents in Hydrology, United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris,
France, Vol. 33, pp. 22-46.
Bentley, C.R., 1998: Rapid sea-level rise from a west Antarctic ice-sheet
collapse: a short-term perspective. Journal of Glaciology, 44,
157-163.
Berger, A.R. and W.J. Iams, 1996: Geoindicators: Assessing Rapid Environmental
Change in EarthSystems. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 466 pp.
Available online at http://www.gcrio.org/geo/title.html.
Bergstrom, D.M. and S.L. Chown, 1999: Life at the front: history of ecology
and change on Southern Ocean Islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
14 (12), 472-477.
Berkes, F., 1998: Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems
in the Canadian sub-Arctic. In: Linking Social and Ecological Systems
[Berkes, F., C. Folke, and J. Colding (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 98-128.
Bernes, C., 1996: The Nordic Arctic Environment: Unspoilt, Exploited,
Polluted? The Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, 140 pp.
BESIS, 1999: The Impacts of Global Climate Change in the Arctic Regions:
An Initial Assessment. Bering Sea Impact Study, International Arctic Science
Committee, Oslo, Norway, 41 pp.
BESIS, 1997: The Impacts of Global Climate Change in the Bering Sea
Region: An Assessment Conducted by the International Arctic Science Committee
Under Its Bering Sea Impact Study (BESIS). International Arctic Science
Committee, Oslo, Norway, 41 pp.
Bianchi, G.G. and I N. McCave, 1999: Holocene periodicity in north Atlantic
climate and deep ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature, 397, 515-517.
Billings, W.D., 1987: Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystems:
past, present, and future. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 165-177.
Bindoff, N.L. and T.J. McDougall, 2000: Decadal changes along an Indian
Ocean section at 32ºS and their interpretation. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 30(6), 1207-1222.
Bindschadler, R.A., 1998: Future of the west Antarctic ice sheet. Science,
282, 428-429.
Bird, D.F. and J. Kalff, 1984: Empirical relationships between bacterial
abundance and chlorophyll concentration in fresh and marine waters. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 41, 1015-1023.
Bird, D.F. and D. Karl, 1999: Uncoupling of bacteria and phytoplankton
during the austral spring bloom in Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula. Aquatic
Microbial Ecology, 19, 13-27.
Bjorgo, E., O.M. Johannessen, and M.W. Miles, 1997: Analysis of merged
SMMR SSMI time series of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice parameters, 1978-1995.
Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 413-416.
Björn, L.O., T.V. Callagan, C. Gehrke, D. Gwynn-Jones, B. Holmgren,
U. Johanson, and M. Sonesson, 1997: Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on sub-Arctic
vegetation. In: Ecology of Arctic Environments [Woodin, S.J. and M. Marquiss
(eds.)]. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 241-253.
Björn, L.O., T.V. Callagan, C. Gehrke, D. Gwynn-Jones, J.A. Lee,
U. Johanson, M. Sonesson, and N.D. Buck, 1999: Effects of ozone depletion and
increased ultraviolet-B radiation on northern vegetation. Polar Research,
18, 331-337.
Bockheim, J.G., 1995: Permafrost distribution in the southern circumpolar
region and its relation to the environment: a review and recommendations for
further research. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 6, 27-45.
Bockheim, J.G, and C. Tarnocai, 1998: Recognition of cryoturbation for
classifying permafrost-affected soils. Geoderma, 81, 281-293.
Bockheim, J.G, L.R. Everett, K.M. Hinkel, F.E. Nelson, and J. Brown,
1999: Soil organic carbon storage and distribution in Arctic tundra, Barrow,
Alaska. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 934-940.
Borzenkova, I.I., 1999a: Environmental indicators of recent global warming.
In: Environmental Indices [Pykh, Y.A., A. Yuri, D.E. Hyatt, and R.J.M.
Lenz (eds.)]. EOLSS Publishing Company, Baldwin House, London, United Kingdom,
pp. 455-465.
Borzenkova, I.I., 1999b: About natural indicators of the present global
warming. Meteorology and Hydrology, 6, 98-116 (in Russian).
Boyd, P.W., A.J. Watson, C.S. Law, E.R. Abraham, T. Trull, R. Murdoch,
D.C.E. Bakker, A.R. Bowie, K.O. Buesseler, H. Chang, M. Charette, P. Croot,
K. Downing, R. Frew, M. Gall, M. Hadfield, J. Hall, M. Harvey, G. Jameson, J.
LaRoche, M. Liddicoat, R. Ling, M.T. Maldonado, R.M. McKay, and S. Nodder, 2000:
A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron
fertilization. Nature, 407, 695-702.
Bradley, R.S. and P.D. Jones, 1993: Little Ice Age summer temperature
variations, their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The
Holocene, 3, 367-376.
Brander, K.M., 1996: Effects of climate change on cod (Gadus morhua)
stocks. In: Global Warming: Implications for Freshwater and Marine Fish
[Wood, C.M. and D.G. McDonald (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 255-278.
Briffa, K.P., P.D. Jons, F.N. Schweigruber, and S.G. Shiyatov, 1995:
Unusual twentieth-century summer warmth in a 1000-year temperature record from
Siberia. Nature, 376, 156-159.
Brody, H., 1991: Maps and Dreams: Indians and the British Columbia
Frontier. Douglas and McIntyre Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 297 pp.
Broecker, W.S., G. Bond, and M.A. Klas, 1990: A salt oscillator in the
glacial Atlantic? 1: the concept. Paleoceanography, 5, 469-477.
Broecker, W.S., D.M. Peteet, and D. Rind, 1985: Does the ocean-atmosphere
system have more than one stable mode of operation. Nature, 315,
21-26.
Bromwich, D., L. Zhong, and A.N. Rogers, 1998: Winter atmospheric forcing
of the Ross Sea polynya. In: Ocean, Ice and Atmosphere, Interactions at the
Antarctic Continental Margin [Jacobs, S.S. and R.F. Weiss (eds.)]. American
Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, 75, 101-133.
Brown, J., 1997: Circumpolar active layer monitoring program. Frozen
Ground, 21, 22-23.
Brown, J., O.J.J. Ferrians, J.A. Heginbottom, and E.S. Melnikov, 1997:
International Permafrost Association Circum Arctic Map of Permafrost and
Ground Ice Conditions. U.S. Geological Survey CircumPacific Map Series,
Map CP 45, Scale 1:10,000,000, Washington, DC, USA.
Brown, J., M.M. Burgess, A. Pavlov, V. Romanovsky, and S. Smith, 2000:
The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P): a progress report. In:
Rhythms of Natural Processes in the Earth Cryosphere. Russian Academy
of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia, pp. 203-204.
Brown, R.D., 2000: Northern Hemisphere snow cover variability and change,
1915-1997. Journal of Climate, 13, 2339-2355.
Brown, R.D. and B.E. Goodison, 1996: Interannual variability in reconstructed
Canadian Snow Cover, 1915-1992. Journal of Climate, 9, 1299-1318.
Buch, E., S.A. Horsted, and H. Hovgard, 1994: Fluctuations in the occurrence
of cod in Greenland waters and their possible causes. International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Marine Science Symposia, 198,
158-174.
Budd, W.F. and X.Wu, 1998: Modeling long term global and Antarctic changes
resulting from increased greenhouse gases. In: Coupled Climate Modelling
[Meighen, P.J. (ed.)]. Bureau of Meteorology, Canberra, Australia, Research
Report, 69, 71-74.
Burgess, M.M., D.T. Desrochers, and R. Saunders, 2000a: Potential changes
in thaw depth and thaw settlement for three locations in the Mackenzie Valley.
In: The Physical Environment of the Mackenzie Valley: a Baseline for the
Assessment of Environmental Change [Dyke, L.D. and G.R. Brooks, (eds.)].
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 547, 187-195.
Burgess, M.M., S.L. Smith, J. Brown, V. Romanovsky, and K. Hinkel, 2000b:
The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTNet-P): permafrost monitoring
contributing to global climate observations. In: Current Research 2000-E14.
Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 8 pp. Available online
at http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/bookstore.
Burn, C.R., 1998: Field investigations of permafrost and climatic change
in northwest North America. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Permafrost, Yellowknife, NWT, 23-27 June 1998 [Lewkowicz,
A.G. and M. Allard (eds.)]. Collection Nordiana, No. 57, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques,
Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, pp. 107-120.
Burn, C.R., 1997: Cryostratigraphy, paleogeography, and climate change
during the early Holocene warm interval, western Arctic coast, Canada. Canadian
Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, 912-935.
Cai, W. and P.G. Baines, 1996: Interactions between thermohaline- and
wind-driven circulations and their relevance to the dynamics of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current, in a coarse-resolution global ocean general circulation
model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 14073-14093.
Cai, W. and H.B. Gordon, 1998: Transient responses of the CSIRO climate
model to two different rates of CO2 increase. Climate Dynamics,
14, 503-506.
Callaghan, T.V. and S. Jonasson, 1995: Implications for changes in arctic
plant biodiversity from environmental manipulation experiments. In: Arctic
and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes, and Ecosystem Consequences [Chapin,
F.S. III and C.H. Körner (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany,
pp. 151-164.
Callaghan, T.V., C. Körner, S.E. Lee, and J.H.C. Cornelison, 1998:
Part 1: scenarios for ecosystem responses to global change. In: Global Change
in Europe's Cold Regions [Heal, O.W., T.V. Callaghan, J.H.C. Cornelissen,
C. Körner, and S.E. Lee (eds.)]. European Commission Ecosystems Research
Report, 27, L-2985, Luxembourg, pp. 11-63.
Carmack, E.C., 2000: Review of the Arctic Oceans freshwater budget: sources,
storage and export. In: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean [Lewis,
E.L, E.P. Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse, and P. Wadhams (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 91-126.
Carmack, E.C., R.W. Macdonald, R.G. Perkin, F.A. McLaughlin, and R.J.
Pearson, 1995: Evidence for warming of Atlantic water in the southern Canadian
basin of the Arctic Ocean: results from the Larsen-93 exhibition. Geophysical
Research Letters, 22, 1061-1064.
Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, J.F. Crossley, S. Malyshev, M.G. New, M.E. Schlesinger,
and H. Tuomenvirta, 2000: Climate Change in the 21st Century - Interim Characterizations
based on the New IPCC Emissions Scenarios. The Finnish Environment 433,
Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 148 pp.
Cavalieri, D.J., P. Gloersen, C.L. Parkinson, J.C. Comiso, and H.J. Zwally,
1997: Observed hemispheric asymmetry in global sea ice changes. Science,
278, 1104-1106.
Chapin, F.S. III and G.R. Shaver, 1985: Individualistic growth response
of tundra plant species to environmental manipulations in the field. Ecology,
66, 564-576.
Chapin, F.S. III and A.M. Starfield, 1997: Time lags and novel ecosystems
in response to transient climatic change in arctic Alaska. Climatic Change,
35, 449-461.
Chapin, F.S. III, J.P. McFadden, and S.E. Hobbie, 1997: The role of arctic
vegetation in ecosystem and global processes. In: Ecology of Arctic Environments
[Woodin, S.J. and M. Marquiss (eds.)]. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom,
pp. 97-112.
Chapin, F.S. III, M.S. Bret-Harte, S.E. Hobbie, and H. Zhong, 1996: Plant
functional types as predictors of the transient response of arctic vegetation
to global change. Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 347-358.
Chapin, F.S. III, G.R. Shaver, A.E. Giblin, K.G. Nadelhoffer, and J.A.
Laundre, 1995: Response of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes
in climate. Ecology, 66, 564-576.
Chapman, W.L. and J.E. Walsh, 1993: Recent variations of sea ice and
air temperature in high latitudes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, 74, 33-47.
Chinn, T.J., 1998: Recent fluctuations of the Dry Valleys glaciers, McMurdo
Sound, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 119-125.
Christensen, T.R., S. Jonasson, T.V. Callaghan, and M. Havstrom, 1999a:
On the poterntial CO2 releases from tundra soils in a changing climate.
Applied Soil Ecology, 11, 127-134.
Christensen, T.R., S. Jonasson, T.V. Callaghan, M. Harström, and
F.R. Livens, 1999b: Carbon cycling and methane exchange in Eurasian tundra ecosystems.
Ambio, 28, 239-244.
Christensen, T.R., S. Jonasson, A. Michelsen, T.V. Callaghan, and M.
Harström, 1998: Environmental controls on soil respiration in the Eurasian
and Greenlandic Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D22),
29015-29021.
Clow, G.D., R.W. Saltus, A.H. Lachenbruch, and M.C. Brewer, 1998: Arctic
Alaska climate change estimated from borehole temperature: past, present, future.
EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 79, F883.
Coale, K.H., K.S. Johnson, S.E. Fitzwater, R.M. Gordon, S. Tanner, F.P.
Chavez, L. Ferioli, C. Sakamoto, P. Rogers, F. Millero, P. Steinberg, P. Nightingale,
D. Cooper, W.P. Cochlan, M.R. Landry, J. Constantinou, G. Rollwagen, A. Trasvina,
and R. Kudela, 1996: A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem scale
iron fertilisation experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature,
383, 495-501.
Cohen, S.J., 1997a: What if and so what in northwest Canada: could climate
change make a difference to the future of the Mackenzie Basin? Arctic,
50, 293-307.
Cohen, S.J., 1997b: Scientist-stake holder collaboration in integrated
assessment of climate change: lessons from a case study of northwest Canada.
Environmental Modelling and Assessment, 2, 281-293.
Cole, J.J., S. Findlay, and M.L. Pace, 1988: Bacterial production in
fresh and saltwater ecosystems: a cross-system overview. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 43, 1-10.
Comiso, J.C., 1999: Variability and trends in Antarctic surface temperatures
from in situ and satellite infrared measurements. Journal of Climate,
13(10), 1674-1696.
Connolley, W.M. and S.P. O'Farrell, 1998: Comparison of warming trends
over the last century around Antarctica from three couple models. Annals
of Glaciology, 27, 565-570.
Couper, A., 1989: The Times Atlas and Encyclopaedia of the Sea.
Harper & Row, New York, NY, USA, 272 pp.
Crawford, R.M.M. (ed.), 1997: Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands.
NATO ASI Series 2: Environment, Vol. 25, J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
The Netherlands, 621 pp.
Crete, M. and J. Huot, 1993: Regulation of a large herd of migratory
caribou: summer nutrition affects calf growth and body reserves of dams. Canadian
Journal of Zoology, 71, 2291-2296.
Croasdale, K.R., 1993: Climate change impacts on northern offshore petroleum
operation. In: Impacts of Climate Change on Resource Management in the North
[Wall, G. (ed.)]. Occasional Paper No. 16, Department of Geography, University
of Waterloo, pp. 175-184.
Cubasch, U.K. Hasselmann, H. Hock, E. Maierreimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B.D.
Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations
with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dynamics, 8, 55-69.
Cuffey, K.M. and S.J. Marshall, 2000: Substantial contribution to sea-level
rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice-sheet. Nature,
404, 591-594.
Curran, M.A.J., T.D. van Ommen, and V. Morgan, 1998: Seasonal characteristics
of the major ions in the high accumulation DSS ice core Law Dome, Antarctica.
Annals of Glaciology, 27, 385-390.
Dallimore, S.R., S. Wolfe, and S.M. Solomon, 1996: Influence of ground
ice and permafrost on coastal evolution, Richards Island, Beaufort Sea Coast,
NWT, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33, 664-675.
Danks, H.V., 1992: Arctic insects as indicators of environmental change.
Arctic, 45, 159-166.
Davidson, A.T, 1998: The impact of UVB radiation on marine plankton.
Mutation Research--Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,
422, 119-129.
de Baar, H.J., J.T.M. de Jong, D.C.E. Bakker, B.M. Loscher, C. Veth,
U. Bathmann, and V. Smetaceck, 1995: Importance of iron for phytoplankton blooms
and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Nature, 373,
412-415.
de la Mare, W.K., 1997: Abrupt mid-twentieth century decline in Antarctic
sea ice extent from whaling records. Nature, 389, 57-61.
de March, B.G.D., C.A. de Wit, and D.C.G. Muir, 1998: Persistent organic
pollutants. In: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution
Issues [Wilson, S.J., J.L. Murray, and H.P. Huntington (eds.)]. Arctic Monitoring
and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, pp. 183-371.
Delcourt, P.A. and H.R. Delcourt, 1987: Late-Quaternary dynamics of temperate
forests: applications of paleocology to issues of global environment change.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 129-146.
Dickson, B., L. Anderson, M. Bergmann, R. Colony, and P. Malkki, 1999:
Arctic-subarctic linkages to form a new focus of AOSB activity. News from
the Arctic Ocean Science Board, 3, 1-5.
Douglas, M.S.V., J.P. Smol, and W. Blake Jr., 1994: Marked post-18th
century environmental change in high Arctic ecosystems. Science, 266,
416-419.
Dowdeswell, J., J.O. Hagen, H. Bjornsson, A. Glazovsky, P. Holmlund,
J. Jania, E. Josberger, R. Koerner, S. Ommanney, and B. Thomas, 1997: The mass
balance of circum Arctic glaciers and recent climate change. Quaternary Research,
48, 1-14.
Duerden, F., 1992: A critical look at sustainable development in the
Canadian North. Arctic, 45, 219-255.
Dyke, L.D., 2000: Stability of permafrost slopes in the Mackenzie Valley.
In: The Physical Environment of the Mackenzie Valley: A Baseline for the
Assessment of Environmental Change [Dyke, L.D. and G.R. Brooks (eds.)].
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 547, 161-169.
Everett, J.T and B.B. Fitzharris, 1998: The Arctic and the Antarctic.
In: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change. An Assessment of Vulnerability.
A Special Report of IPCC Working Group II for the Intergovernmental Panel of
Climate Change [Watson, R.T, M.C. Zinyowera, R.H. Moss, and D.J. Dokken
(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York,
NY, USA, pp. 85-103.
Fedorov, A.N., 1996: Effects of recent climate change on permafrost landscapes
in central Sakha. Polar Geography, 20, 99-108.
Fedoulov, P.P., E. Murphy, and K.E. Shulgovsky, 1996: Environment krill
relations in the South Georgia marine system. CCAMLR Science, 3,
13-30.
Fitzharris, B.B., 1996: The cryosphere: Changes and their impacts. In:
Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change:
Scientific- Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second
Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson,
R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 880 pp.
Flato, G.M. and R.D. Brown, 1996: Variability and climate sensitivity
of landfast Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101,
25767-25777.
Fleming, R.A. and J.A. Volney, 1995: Effects of climate change on insect
defoliator population processes in Canada's boreal forest: some plausible scenarios.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 82, 445-454.
Forbes, D.L. and R.B. Taylor, 1994: Ice in the shore zone and the geomorphology
of cold coasts. Progress in Physical Geography, 18, 59-89.
Fowber, J.A. and R.I. Lewis Smith, 1994: Rapid population increases in
native vascular plants in the Argentine Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Arctic
and Alpine Research, 26, 290-296.
Fox, A.J. and A.P.R. Cooper, 1998: Climate-change indicators from archival
aerial photography of the Antarctic Peninsula. Annals of Glaciology, 27,
636-642.
Fraser, W.R.,W.Z. Trivelpiece, D.G. Ainley, and S.G. Trivelpiece, 1992:
Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: reduced competition with whales
or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming? Polar Biology, 11,
525-531.
Freese, C.H., 2000: The Consumptive Use of Wild Species in the Arctic:
Challenges and Opportunities for Ecological Sustainability. Report submitted
to World Wildlife Fund, Arctic Programme, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 145 pp.
Fukuda, M., 1994: Methane flux from thawing Siberian permafrost (ice
complexes) results from field observations. EOS, Transactions, American
Geophysical Union, 75, 86.
Gates, W.L., J.F.B. Mitchell, G.J. Boer, U.K. Cusasch, and V.P. Meleshko,
1992: Climate modelling, climate prediction, and model validation. In: Climate
Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment
[Houghton, J.T., B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney (eds.)]. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA, pp. 97-135.
Gehrke, C., U. Johanson, T.V. Callaghan, D. Chadwick, and C.H. Robinson,
1995: The impact of enhanced ultraviolet B radiation on litter quality and decomposition
processes in Vaccinium leaves from the Subarctic. Oikos, 72,
213-222.
Gehrke, C., U. Johanson, D. Gwynn Jones, L.O. Bjorn, T.V. Callaghan,
and J.A. Lee, 1996: Effects of enhanced ultraviolet B radiation on terrestrial
subarctic ecosystems and implications for interactions with increased atmospheric
CO2. Ecological Bulletin, 45, 192-203.
Georgievskii, V.Y., 1998: On global climate warming effects on water
resources. In: Water: a looming crisis? Technical Documents in Hydrology,
No. 18, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 37-46.
Georgievskii, V.Y., A.V. Ezhov, A.L. Shalygin, I.A. Shiklomanov, and
A.I. Shiklomanov, 1996: Assessment of the effect of possible climate changes
on hydrological regime and water resources of rivers in the former USSR. Meteorology
and Hydrology, 11, 66-74 (in Russian).
Gibson, M.A. and S.A. Schullinger, 1998: Answers from the Ice Edge:
The Consequences of Climate Change on Life in the Bering and Chukchi Seas.
Greenpeace Arctic Network, Anchorage, AK, USA, pp. 32.
Gignac, L.D. and D.H. Vitt, 1994: Responses of northern peatlands to
climatic change, effects on bryophytes. Journal of the Hattori Botanical
Laboratory, 75, 119-132.
Gilmanov, T.G. and W.C. Oechel, 1995: New estimates of organic matter
reserves and net primary productivity of the North American tundra ecosystems.
Journal of Biogeography, 22, 723-741.
Gordon, H.B. and S.P. O'Farrell, 1997: Transient climate change in the
CSIRO coupled model with dynamic sea ice. Monthly Weather Review, 25,
875-907.
Gorham, E., 1991: Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable
responses to climate warming. Ecological Applications, 1, 182-195.
Goulden, M.L., S.C. Wofsy, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, P.M. Crill, S.T.
Gower, T. Fries, B.C. Daube, S M. Fan, D.J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz, and J.W. Munger,
1998: Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science,
279, 214-217.
Grabs, W.E., F. Portmann, and T. De Couet, 2000: Discharge observation
networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic
Ocean, its seasonality and variability. In: The Freshwater Budget of the
Arctic Ocean [Lewis, E.L., E.P. Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse, and P. Wadhams
(eds.)]. NATO Science Series, No. 2, Environmental Security, J. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Vol. 70, pp. 249-267.
Greco, S., R.H. Moss, D.Viner, and R. Jenne, 1994: Climate Scenarios
and Socioeconomic Projections for IPCC WGII Assessment. Consortium for International
Earth Science Informations Network, Washington, DC, USA, 290 pp.
Gregor, D.J., H. Loeng, and L. Barrie, 1998: The influence of physical
and chemical processes on contaminant transport into and within the Arctic.
In: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues
[Wilson, S.J., J.L. Murray, and H.P. Huntington (eds.)]. Arctic Monitoring and
Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway, pp. 25-116.
Groisman, P.Y., V.V. Koknaeva, T.A. Belokrylova, and T.R. Karl, 1991:
Overcoming biases of precipitation measurments: a history of the USSR experience.
Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, 72, 1725-1733.
Groisman, P.Y. and D.R. Easterling, 1994: Variability and trends of precipitation
and snowfall over the United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 7,
184-205.
Groisman, P.Y., T.R. Karl, and R.W. Knight, 1994: Observed impact of
snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures.
Science, 263, 198-200.
Grosfeld, K. and R. Gerdes, 1998: Circulation beneath the Filchner Ice
Shelf, Antarctica, and its sensitivity to changes in the oceanic environment:
a case study. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 99-104.
Gunn, A., 1995: Responses of Arctic ungulates to climate change. In:
Human Ecology and Climate Change [Peterson, D.L. and D.R. Johnson (eds.)].
Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 89-104.
Gunn, A. and T. Skogland, 1997: Responses of caribou and reindeer to
global warming. Ecological Studies, 124, 189-200.
Hagemann, S. and L. Dümenil, 1998: A parameterization of the lateral
waterflow for the global scale. Climate Dynamics, 14, 17-31.
Halsey, L.A., D.H. Vitt, and S.C. Zoltai, 1995: Disequilibrium response
of permafrost in boreal continental western Canada to climate change. Climate
Change, 30, 57-73.
Hanesiak, J.M., D.G. Barber, and G.M. Flato, 1999: The role of diurnal
processes in the seasonal evolution of sea ice and its snow cover. Journal
of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 104(C6), 13593-13604.
Hanssen-Bauer, I. and E.J. Forland, 1998: Long term trends in precipitation
and temperature in the Norwegian Arctic: can they be explained by changes in
atmospheric circulation patterns? Climate Research, 10, 143-153.
Harangozo, S.A., S.R. Colwell, and J.C. King, 1997: An analysis of a
34-year air temperature record from Fossil Bluff (71ºS, 68ºW), Antarctica.
Antarctic Science, 9, 355-363.
Havström, M., T.V. Callaghan, and S. Jonasson, 1993: Differential
growth responses of Cassiope tetragona, an arctic dwarf shrub, to environmental
perturbations among three contrasting high and sub-arctic sites. Oikos,
66, 389-402.
Heal, O.W., 1998: Executive summary: introduction, general summary and
research priorities. In: Global Change in Europe's Cold Regions [Heal,
O.W., T.V. Callaghan, J.H.C. Cornelissen, C.H. Korner, and S.E. Lee (eds.)].
European Commission, Ecosystems Research Report 27, Luxembourg, pp. 66-78.
Henry, G.H.R. and U. Molau, 1997: Tundra plants and climate change: the
International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Global Change Biology, 3,
1-9.
Hinkel, K.M., S.I. Outcalt, and A.E. Taylor, 1997: Seasonal patterns
of coupled flow in the active layer at three sites in northwest North America.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, 667-678.
Hirst, A.C., 1999: The Southern Ocean response to global warming in the
CSIRO coupled ocean atmosphere model: special issue on global change. Environmental
Modelling and Software, 14, 227-242.
Hobbie, J.E., B.J. Petersen, N. Bettez, L. Deegan, W.J. O'Brian, G.W.
Kling, G.W. Kipphut, W.B. Bowden, and A.E. Hershey, 1999: Impact of global change
on the biogeochemistry and ecology of an Arctic freshwater system. Polar
Research, 18, 207-214.
Hønneland, G., A.K. Jørgensen, and K. Kovacs, 1999:
Barents Sea Ecoregion: Reconnaissance Report. Report to the World Wildlife
Fund for Nature, Oslo, Norway, 32 pp.
Iacozza, J. and D.G. Barber, 1999: Modelling the distribution of snow
on sea ice using variograms. Atmosphere-Oceans, 37, 21-51.
IPCC, 2000: Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group
III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Nakicenovic, N., J.
Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J. Fenham, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory, A. Grubler,
T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E.L. La Rovere, L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W. Pepper,
H. Pitcher, L. Price, K. Raihi, A. Roehrl, H.-H. Rogner, A. Sankovski, M. Schlesinger,
P. Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S. van Rooijen, N. Victor, and Z. Dadi (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA,
599 pp.
Jacka, T.H. and W.F. Budd, 1998: Detection of temperature and sea ice
extent changes in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean, 1949-96. Annals
of Glaciology, 27, 553-559.
Jacobs, S.S., H.H. Helmer, C.S.M. Doake, A. Jenkins, and R.M. Frolich,
1992: Melting of ice shelves and the mass balance of Antarctica. Journal
of Glaciology, 38, 375-387.
Jacobs, S.S. and J.C. Comiso, 1997: Climate variability in the Amundsen
and Bellingshausen Seas. Journal of Climate, 10, 697-709.
Jacobs, S.S. and C.F. Giulivi, 1998: Interannual ocean and ice variability
in the Ross Sea. American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series,
75, 135-150.
Jania, J. and J.O. Hagen (eds.), 1996: Mass Balance Review of Arctic
Glaciers. Report No. 5, International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), Oslo,
Norway, 95 pp.
Jenkins, A., D.G. Vaughan, S.S. Jacobs, H.H. Hellmer, and J.R. Keys,
1997: Glaciological and oceanographic evidence of high melt rates beneath Pine
Island Glacier, West Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 43, 114-121.
Johannessen, O.M., E.V. Shalina, and M.W. Miles, 1999: Satellite evidence
for an arctic sea ice cover in transformation. Science, 286, 1937-1939.
Johnson, G.C. and A. Orsi, 1997: Southwest Pacific Ocean water-mass changes
between 1968/69 and 1990/91. Journal of Climate, 10, 301-316.
Johnson, L.C., G.R. Shaver, A.E. Giblin, K.L. Nadelhoffer, E.R. Rastetter,
J.A. Laundre, and G.L. Murray, 1996: Effects of drainage and temperature on
carbon balance of tussock tundra microcosms. Oecologia, 108, 737-748.
Jonasson, S., 1996: Buffering of Arctic plant responses to a changing
climate. In: Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems [Oechel,
W.C., T. Callaghan, T. Gilmanov, J.I. Holten, B. Maxwell, U. Molau, and B. Svein
Bjornsson (eds.)]. Ecological Studies, Vol. 124, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Germany, pp. 365-380.
Jonasson, S., 1992: Plant responses to fertilization and species removal
in tundra related to community structure and clonality. Oikos, 63,
420-429.
Jones, P.D., M. New, D.E. Parker, S. Martin, and I.G. Rigor, 1999: Surface
air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years. Reviews of Geophysics,
37, 173-199.
Juday, G.P., 1996: Boreal forests (Taiga). In: The Biosphere and Concepts
of Ecology. Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 14. Encyclopedia Britannica,
Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 15th ed., pp. 1210-1216.
Kane, D.L., L.D. Hinzman, M.K. Woo, and K.R. Everett, 1992: Arctic hydrology
and climate change physiological ecology of Arctic plants. In: Arctic Ecosystems
in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective [Chapin, F.S. III,
R.L. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver, and J. Svoboda (eds.)]. Academic Press,
New York, NY, USA, pp. 35-57.
Karl, D.M., 1993: Microbial processes in the southern oceans. In:
Antarctic Microbiology [Friedmann, E.I. (ed.)]. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY,
USA, pp. 1-63.
Karl, D.M., J.R. Christian, J.E. Dore, and R.M. Letelier, 1996: Microbiological
oceanography in the region west of the Anarctic Peninsula: microbial dynamics,
nitrogen cycle and carbon flux. American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research
Series, 70, 303-322.
Keeling, C.D., J.F.S. Chin, and T.P. Whorf, 1996: Increased activity
on northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements.
Nature, 382, 146-149.
Keigwin, L.D. and R.S. Pickart, 1999: Slope water current over the Laurentian
Fan on interannual to millenial timescales. Science, 286(5444),
1479.
Kennett, J.P., K.G. Cannariato, I.L. Hendy, and R.J. Behl, 2000: Carbon
isotopic evidence for methane hydrate instability during Quaternary interstadials.
Science, 288, 128-133.
Khroustalev, L.N., 1999: Personal communication. In: Impacts of Global
Climate Change in the Arctic Regions [Weller, G. and M. Lange (eds.)]. International
Arctic Science Committee, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA, pp. 35-36.
King, J.C., 1994: Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic
Peninsula. International Journal of Climatology, 14, 357-369.
King, J.C. and S.A. Harangozo, 1998: Climate change in the western Antarctic
Peninsula since 1945: observations and possible causes. Annals of Glaciology,
27, 571-576.
Knox, G.A, 1994: The Biology of the Southern Ocean. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 444 pp.
Koerner, R.M. and L. Lundgaard, 1996: Glaciers and global warming. Geographie
Physique et Qquaternaire, 49, 429-434.
Körner, C., M. Diemer, B. Schäppi, and L. Zimmerman, 1996:
Responses of alpine vegetation to elevated CO2. In: Terrestrial
Ecosystem Response to Elevated Carbon Dioxide [Koch, G. (ed.)]. Academic
Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 177-196.
Kotlyakov, B.M., 1997: Quickly warming Arctic basin. The Earth and
the World, 4, 107.
Krabill, W., E. Frederick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J. Sonntag, R. Swift,
R. Thomas, W. Wright, and J. Jungel, 1999: Rapid thinning of parts of the southern
Greenland ice sheet. Science, 283, 1522-1524.
Krabill, W., W. Abdalati, E. Frederick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J. Sonntag,
R. Swift, R. Thomas, W.Wright, and J. Jungel, 2000: Greenland ice sheet: high
elevation-balance and peripheral thinning. Science, 289, 428-430.
Lachenbruch, A.H. and B.V. Marshall, 1986: Changing climate: geothermal
evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Science, 234,
689-696.
Laine, K., P. Lahdesmaki, E. Menpaa, T. Pakonen, E. Saari, P. Havas,
and O. Juntilla, 1995: Effect of changing snow cover on some ecophysiological
parameters in Vaccinium myrtillus under nitrogen overdose conditions.
In: Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems [Callaghan, T.V.,
U. Molau, M.J. Tyson, J.I. Holten, W.C. Oechel, T. Gilmanov, B. Maxwell, and
B. Sveinbjorrnsson (eds.)]. Ecosystems Research Report 10, European Commission,
Luxembourg, pp. 123-124.
Langdon, S.J., 1995: Increments, ranges and thresholds: human population
responses to climate change in northern Alaska. In: Human Ecology and Climate
Change [Peterson, D.L. and D.R. Johnson (eds.)]. Taylor & Francis, Washington,
DC, USA, pp. 139-154.
Loeb, V.V.S., O. Holm Hansen, R. Hewitt, W. Fraser, W. Trivelpiece, and
S. Trivelpiece, 1997: Effects of sea ice extent and krill or salp dominance
on the Antarctic food web. Nature, 387, 897-900.
Loeng, H., 1989: The influence of temperature on some fish population
parameters in the Barents Sea. Journal of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Science, 9, 103-113.
Luchitta, B.K. and C.E. Rosanova, 1998: Retreat of northern margins of
George VI and Wilkins ice shelves, Antarctic Peninsula. Annuals of Glaciology,
27, 41-46.
MacAyeal, D.R., 1992: Irregular oscillations of the West Anarctic ice
sheet. Nature, 359, 29-32.
Magnuson, J.J., D.M. Robinson, R.H. Wynne, B.J. Benson, D.M. Livingstone,
T. Arai, R.A. Assel, R.D. Barry, V. Card, E. Kuusisto, N.G. Granin, T.D. Prowse,
K.M. Stewart, and V.S. Vuglinski, 2000: Ice cover phenologies of lakes and rivers
in the Northern Hemisphere and climate warming. Science, 289,
1743-1746.
Majorowicz, J.A. and W.R. Skinner, 1997: Potential causes of differences
between ground and surface air temperature warming across different ecozones
in Alberta, Canada. Global and Planetary Change, 15(3-4), 79-91.
Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer, 1994: Multiple century response of a coupled
ocean atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal
of Climate, 4, 5-23.
Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer, 1993: Century-scale effects of increased
atmospheric CO2 on the atmosphere ocean system. Nature, 364,
215-218.
Manseau, M., J. Huot, and M. Crete, 1996: Effects of summer grazing by
caribou on composition and productivity of vegetation: community and landscape
level. Journal of Ecology, 84, 503-513.
Marchant, H.J, 1997: The effects of enhanced UV-B irradiance on Antarctic
organisms. In: Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival
[Battaglia, B., J. Valencia, and D.W.H. Walton (eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 367-374.
Marchant, H.J., A.T. Davidson, and S.W. Wright, 1987: The distribution
and abundance of chroococoid cyanobacteria in the Southern Ocean. In: Proceedings
of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology, Tokyo, Japan [Matsuda, T., T. Hoshiai,
and M. Fukuchi (eds.)]. National Institute of Polar Research, Vol. 1, pp. 1-9.
Marsh, P. and M. Hey, 1989: The flooding hydrology of Mackenzie Delta
lakes near Inuvik, NWT, Canada. Arctic, 42, 41-49.
Marshall, G.J. and J.C. King, 1998: Southern Hemisphere circulation anomalies
associated with extreme Antarctic Peninsula winter temperatures. Geophysical
Research Letters, 25, 2437-2440.
Maslanik, J.A., M.C. Serreze, and R.G. Barry, 1996: Recent decreases
in Arctic summer ice cover and linkages to atmospheric circulation anomalies.
Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 1677-1680.
Matear, R.J and A.C. Hirst, 1999: Climate change feedback on the future
oceanic CO2 uptake. Tellus, 51B, 722-733.
Maxwell, B., 1997: Responding to Global Climate Change in Canada's
Arctic. Volume II of the Canada Country Study: Climatic Impacts and Adaptation.
Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 82 pp.
MBIS, 1997: Mackenzie Basin Impact Study (MBIS), Final Report
[Cohen, S. (ed.)]. Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 372 pp.
McDonald, M.E., A.E. Hershey, and M.C. Miller, 1996: Global warming impacts
on trophic structure in Arctic lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 41,
1102-1108.
McGillivray, D.G., T.A Agnew, G.A. McKay, G.R. Pilkington, and M.C. Hill,
1993: Impacts of climatic change on the Beaufort sea-ice regime: implications
for the Arctic petroleum industry. In: Climate Change Digest CCD 93-01.
Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 36 pp.
McKane, R.B., E.B. Rasetter, G.R. Shaver, K.J. Nadelhoffer, A.E. Giblin,
J.A. Laundre, and F.S. Chapin III, 1997a: Climate effects of tundra carbon inferred
from experimental data and a model. Ecology, 78, 1170-1187.
McKane, R.B., E.B. Rasetter, G.R. Shaver, K.J. Nadelhoffer, A.E. Giblin,
J.A. Laundre, and F.S. Chapin III, 1997b: Reconstruction and analysis of historical
changes in carbon storage in Arctic tundra. Ecology, 78, 1188-1198.
McKendrick, J.D., 1997: Long-term tundra recovery in northern Alaska.
In: Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands [Crawford, R.M.M. (ed.)].
NATO ASI Series 2: Environment, Vol. 25, J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
The Netherlands, The Netherlands, pp. 503-518.
McPhee, M.G., T.P. Stanton, J.H. Morison, and D.G. Martinson, 1998: Freshening
of the upper ocean in the Central Arctic: is perennial sea ice disappearing?
Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 1729-1732.
Melling, H., P.H. Johnston, and D.A. Riedel, 1995: Measurement of the
draft and underside topography of sea ice by moored subsea sonar. Journal
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 12, 591-602.
Mercer, J.H., 1978: West Antarctic ice sheet and CO2 greenhouse
effect: a threat of disaster? Nature, 27, 321-325.
Michaelson, G.J., C.L. Ping, and J.M. Kimble, 1996: Carbon storage and
distribution in tundra soils of Arctic Alaska, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research,
28, 414-424.
Michel, F.A. and R.O. van Everdingen, 1994: Changes in hydrogeologic
regimes in permafrost regions due to climate change. Permafrost and Periglacial
Processes, 5, 191-195.
Mikolajewicz, U., 1998: Effect of meltwater input from the Antarctic
ice sheet on the thermohaline circulation. Annals of Glaciology, 27,
311-315.
Miller, J.R. and G.L. Russell, 1992: The impact of global warming on
river runoff. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 2757-2764.
Miller, P.C., R. Kendall, and W.C. Oechel, 1983: Simulating carbon accumulation
in northern ecosystems. Simulation, 40, 119-131.
Molau, U., 1996: Climatic impacts on flowering, growth, and vigour in
an arctic-alpine cushion plant, Diapensia lapponica, under different
snow cover regimes. Ecological Bulletins, 45, 210-219.
Moore, T.R. and N.T. Roulet, 1993: Methane flux, water table relations
in northern wetlands. Geophysical Research Letters, 20, 587-590.
Morris, E.M. and R. Mulvaney, 1995: Recent changes in surface elevation
of the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde
und Glazialgeologie, 31, 7-15.
Mulvaney, K., 1998: Arctic voices: global warming is changing the traditional
Eskimo environment. New Scientist, 160(2160), 55.
Murphy, J.M. and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1995: Transient response of the Hadley
Centre coupled ocean atmosphere model to increasing carbon dioxide, part II:
spatial and temporal structure of response. Journal of Climate, 8,
57-80.
Mysak, L.A. and S.S. Venegas, 1998: Decadal climate oscillations in the
Arctic: a new feedback loop for atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions. Geophysical
Research Letters, 25, 3609-3610.
Nadelhoffer, K.J., G.R. Shaver, A. Giblin, and E.B. Rastetter, 1996:
Potential impacts of climate change on nutrient cycling, decomposition, and
productivity in Arctic ecosystems. In: Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial
Ecosystems [Oechel, W.C., T. Callaghan, T. Gilmanov, J.I. Holten, B. Maxwell,
U. Molau, and B. Sveinbjornsson (eds.)]. Ecological Studies, 124, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, pp. 349-364.
Naganobu, M., K. Kutsuwada, Y. Sasui, S. Taguchiand, and V. Siegel, 2000:
Relationships between Antarctic krill (Euphasauia superba) variability
and westerly fluctuations and ozone depletion in the Antarctic Peninsula area.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C9), 20651-20665.
Nagurduy, A.P., 1995: Long standing changes of the ice thickness the
Arctic basin. Meteorology and Hydrology, 6, 80-83 (in Russian).
Nairn, R.B., S. Solomon, N. Kobayashi, J. Virdrine, 1998: Development
and testing of a thermal-mechanical numerical model for predicting Arctic shore
erosion processes. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference
on Permafrost, Yellowknife, NWT, 23-27 June 1998 [Lewkowicz, A.G. and M.
Allard (eds.)]. Collection Nordiana, No. 57, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université
Laval, Quebec, Canada, pp. 789-795.
Nelson, F.E. and J. Brown, 1997: Global change and permafrost. Frozen
Ground, 21, 21-24.
Nelson, F.E., N.I. Shiklomanov, and G.R. Mueller, 1999: Variability of
active-layer thickness at multiple spatial scales, north-central Alaska, USA.
Arctic and Alpine Research, 31, 158-165.
Nelson, F.E., K.M. Hinkel, N.I. Shiklomanov, G.R. Mueller, L.L. Miller,
and D.A. Walker, 1998a: Active-layer thickness in north-central Alaska: systematic
sampling, scale, and spatial autocorrelation. Journal of Geophysical Research,
103, 28963-28973.
Nelson, F.E., S.I. Outcalt, J. Brown, N.I. Shiklomanov, and K.M. Hinkel,
1998b: Spatial and temporal attributes of the active layer thickness record,
Barrow, Alaska, USA. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference
on Permafrost, Yellowknife, NWT, 23-27 June 1998 [Lewkowicz, A.G. and M.
Allard (eds.)]. Collection Nordiana, No. 57, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université
Laval, Quebec, Canada, pp. 797-802.
Nelson, F.E., A.H. Lachenbruch, M.-K. Woo, E.A. Koster, T.E. Osterkamp,
M.K. Gavrilova, and G.D. Cheng, 1993: Permafrost and changing climate. In: Proceedings
of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost, Beijing, PRC, July 1993.
South China University of Technology Press, Wushan, Guangzhou, China, pp.
987-1005.
Neuvonen, S., P. Niemelä, and T. Virtanen, 1999: Climate change
and insect outbreaks in boreal forests: the role of winter temperatures. Ecological
Bulletins, 47, 63-67.
Nicholls, K.W., 1997: Predicted reduction in basal melt rates of an Antarctic
ice shelf in a warmer climate. Nature, 388, 460-461.
NRC, 1996: The Bering Sea Ecosystem. National Academy Press, Washington,
DC, USA, 307 pp.
Nuttall, M., 1998: Protecting the Arctic: Indigenous Peoples and Cultural
Survival. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 195 pp.
Odner, K., 1992: The Varanger Saami: Habitation and Economy AD 1200-1900.
Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, Norway, 320 pp.
Oechel, W.C. and W.D. Billings, 1992: Anticipated effects of global change
on carbon balance of arctic plants and ecosystems. In: Arctic Ecosystems
in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective [Chapin, F.S. III,
R.L. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver, and J. Svoboda (eds.)]. Academic Press,
San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 139-168.
Oechel, W.C. and G.L.Vourlitis, 1994: The effects of climate change on
land-atmosphere feedbacks in Arctic tundra regions. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, 9, 324-329.
Oechel, W.C., A.C. Cook, S.J. Hastings, and G.L. Vourlitis, 1997: Effects
of CO2 and climate change on arctic ecosystems. In: Ecology of
Arctic Environments [Woodin, S.J. and M. Marquiss (eds.)]. Blackwell Science,
Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 255-273.
Oechel, W.C., S.J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis, M. Jenkins, G. Riechers, and
N. Grulke, 1993: Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon
sink to a source. Nature, 361, 520-523.
Oechel, W.C., S. Cowles, N. Grulke, S.J. Hastings, B. Lawrence, T. Prudhomme,
G. Riechers, B.Strain, D. Tissue, and G. Vourlitis, 1994: Transient nature of
CO2 fertilization in Arctic tundra. Nature, 371, 500-503.
O'Farrell, S.P., J.L. McGregor, L.D. Rotstayn, W.F. Budd, C. Zweck, and
R. Warner, 1997: Impact of transient increases in atmospheric CO2
on the accumulation and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. Annals of
Glaciology, 25, 137-144.
Ohmura, A., M. Wild, and L. Bengtsson, 1996: A possible change in mass
balance of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets in the coming century. Journal
of Climate, 9, 2124-2135.
Ono, K.A., 1995: Effects of climate change on marine mammals in the far
north. In: Human Ecology and Climate Change [Peterson, D.L. and D.R.
Johnson (eds.)]. Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 105-122.
Osterkamp, T.E. and V.E. Romanovsky, 1999: Evidence for warming and thawing
of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,
10, 17-37.
Osterkamp, T.E., V.E. Romanovsky, T. Zhang, V. Gruol, J.K. Peterson,
T. Matava, and G.C. Baker, 1998: A history of continuous permafrost conditions
in northern Alaska. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 79,
833.
Osterkamp, T.E., L. Viereck, Y. Shur, M.T. Jorgenson, C. Racine, A. Doyle,
and R.D. Boone, 2000: Observations of thermokarst and its impact on boreal forests
in Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 32,
303-315.
Otterson, G. and H. Loeng, 2000: Covariability in early growth and year-class
strength of Barents Sea cod, haddock and herring: the environmental link. ICES
Journal of Marine Science, 57(2), 339-348.
Parkinson, C., D. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, H. Zwally, and J. Comiso, 1999:
Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978-1996. Journal of Geophysical
Research (Oceans), C9, 20837-20856.
Parmesan, C., 1998: Climate and species' range. Nature, 382,
765-766.
Pavlov, A.V., 1996: Permafrost-climatic monitoring of Russia: analysis
of field data and forecast. Polar Geography, 20, 44-64.
Peterson, D.L. and D.R. Johnson (eds.), 1995: Human Ecology and Climate
Change. Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, USA.
Petit, J.R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N.I. Barkov, J.M. Barnola, I. Basile,
M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V.M. Kotlyakov,
M. Legrand, V.Y. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pepin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M.
Stievenard, 1999: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years
from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-437.
Press, M.C., T.V. Callaghan, and J.A. Lee, 1998: How will European Arctic
ecosystems respond to projected global environmental change? Ambio, 4,
77-90.
Priddle, J., V. Smetacek, and U.V. Bathmann, 1992: Antarctic marine primary
production, biogeochemical carbon cycles and climatic change. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 338B, 289-297.
Prowse, T.D., 1994: The environmental significance of ice to cold regions
streamflow. Freshwater Biology, 32, 241-260.
Prowse, T.D. and M. Conly, 1998: Impacts of climatic variability and
flow regulation on ice jam flooding of a northern delta. Hydrological Processes,
12, 1589-1610.
Prowse, T.D. and P.O. Flegg, 2000: Arctic river flow: a review of contributing
areas. In: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean [Lewis, E.L., E.P.
Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse, and P. Wadhams (eds.)]. NATO Science Series, No.
2, Environmental Security, J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,
Vol. 70, pp. 269-280.
Prowse, T.D., B. Aitken, M.N. Demuth, and M. Peterson, 1996: Strategies
for restoring spring flooding to a drying northern delta. Regulated Rivers,
12, 237-250.
Quigley, N.C. and N.J. Bridge, 1987: The structure of an arctic microeconomy:
the traditional sector in community economic development. Arctic, 40,
204-210.
Quinn, T.J. and R.P. Marshall, 1989: Time series analysis: quantifying
variability and correlation in Alaska salmon catches and environmental data.
Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 108,
67-80.
Rasmussen, T.L., E. Thomsen, T.C.E. van Weering, and L. Labeyrie, 1996:
Rapid changes in surface and deep water conditions at the Faroe Margin during
the last 58,000 years. Paleoceanography, 11, 757-771.
Rastetter, E.B., R.B. McKane, G.R. Shaver, K.J. Nadelhoffer, and A.Giblin,
1996: Analysis of CO2, temperature, and moisture effects on carbon
storage in Alaskan Arctic tundra using a general ecosystem model. In: Global
Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems [Oechel, W.C., T. Callaghan, T.
Gilmanov, J.I. Holten, B. Maxwell, U. Molau, and B. Sveinbjornsson (eds.). Ecological
Studies, Vol. 124, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 437-451.
Rees, W.G. and M. Williams, 1997: Satellite remote sensing of the impact
of industrial pollution on tundra biodiversity. In: Disturbance and Recovery
in Arctic Lands, An Ecological Perspective [Crawford, R.M.M. (ed.)]. Springer
Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 253-282.
Ring, R., 1994: Arctic insects and global change. In: Biological Implications
of Global Change: Northern Perspective [Riewe, R. and J. Oakes (eds.)].
Canadian Global Change Program and Association of Canadian Universities for
Northern Studies, Canadian Circumpolar Institute, and the Royal Society of Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 61-66.
Riseborough, D.W. and M.W. Smith, 1993: Modelling permafrost response
to climate change and climate variability. In: Proceedings, Fourth International
Symposium on Thermal Engineering & Science for Cold Regions [Lunardinai,
V.J. and S.L. Bowen (eds.)]. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory, Special Report 93-22, Hanover, NH, USA, pp. 179-187.
Rivkin, F.M., 1998: Release of methane from permafrost as a result of
global warming and other disturbances. Polar Geography, 22, 105-118.
Robinson, S.D. and T.R. Moore, 1999: Carbon and peat accumulation over
the past 1200 years in a landscape with discontinuous permafrost, northwestern
Canada. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13, 591-601.
Robock, A., C.A. Schlosser, K.Y. Vinnikov, N.A. Speranskaya, J.K. Entin,
and S. Qiu, 1998: Evaluation of the AMIP soil moisture simulations. Global
and Planetary Change, 19, 181-208.
Ross, R.M., L.B. Quetin, K.S. Baker, M. Vernet, and R.C. Smith, 2000:
Growth limitation in young Euphasusia superba under field conditions.
Limnology and Oceanography, 45, 31-43.
Rothrock, D.A., Y. Yu, and G.A. Maykut, 1999: Thinning of the Arctic
sea-ice cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 3469-3472.
Rott, H., P. Skvarca, and T. Nagler, 1996: Rapid collapse of Northern
Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Science, 271, 788-792.
Rouse, W.R., 1998: A water balance model for a subarctic sedge fen and
its application to climate change. Climatic Change, 38, 207-234.
Rouse, W.R., S. Holland, and T.R. Moore, 1995: Variability in methane
emissions from wetlands at northern treeline near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.
Arctic and Alpine Research, 27, 146-156.
Rouse, W.R., M.S.V. Douglas, R.E. Hecky, A.E. Hershey, G.W. Kling, L.
Lesack, P. Marsh, M. McDonald, B.J. Nicholson, N.T. Roulet, and J.P. Smol, 1997:
Effects of climate change on the fresh waters of Arctic and sub-Arctic North
America. Hydrological Processes, 11, 873-902.
Sabo, G. III., 1991: Long-Term Adaptations Among Arctic Hunter-Gatherers.
Garland Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 403 pp.
Sarmiento, J.L. and C. Le Quere, 1996: Oceanic carbon dioxide uptake
in a model of century scale global warming. Science, 274, 1346-1350.
Sarmiento, J.L., T.M.C. Hughes, R.J. Stouffer, and S. Manabe, 1998: Simulated
response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature,
393, 245-249.
Schindler, D.W., 1997: Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater
ecosystems in North America. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1043-1067.
Schlesinger, W.H., 1991: Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 588 pp.
Scrimgeour, G.A., T.D. Prowse, J.M. Culp, and P.A. Chambers, 1994: Ecological
effects of river ice break up: a review and perspective. Freshwater Biology,
32, 261-276.
Scripter, M.W., 1970: Nested-means map classes for statistical maps.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 60, 385-393.
Sedwick, P.N., G.R. DiTullio, D.A. Hutchins, P.W. Boyd, F.B. Griffiths,
A.C. Crossley, T.W.Trull, and B. Queguiner, 1999: Limitation of algal growth
by iron deficiency in the Australian Subantarctic region. Geophysical Research
Letters, 26, 2865-2868.
Serreze, M.C., J.E. Walsh, F.S. Chapin III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov,
V. Romanovsky, W.C. Oechel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, and R.G. Barry, 2000: Observational
evidence of recent change in the northern high latitude environment. Climatic
Change, 46, 159-207.
Shackley, S., P. Young, S. Parkinson, and B. Wynne, 1998: Uncertainty,
complexity and concepts of good science in climate change modelling: are GCMs
the best tools? Climatic Change, 38, 159-205.
Sharratt, B.S., 1992: Growing season trends in the Alaskan climate record.
Arctic, 45, 124-127.
Shaver, G.R. and S. Jonassson, 1999: Response of Arctic ecosystems to
climate change: results of long-term field experiments in Sweden and Alaska.
Polar Research, 18, 245-252.
Shaver, G.R., W.D. Billings, F.S. Chapin III, A.E. Gibbin, K.J. Nadelhoffer,
W.C. Oechel, and E.B. Rastetter, 1992: Global changes and the carbon balance
of Arctic ecosystems. BioScience, 61, 415-435.
Shaw, J., R.B. Taylor, S. Solomon, H.A. Christian, and D.L. Forbes, 1998:
Potential impacts of global sea-level rise on Canadian coasts. The Canadian
Geographer, 42, 365-379.
Shaw, R.W., 1987: Air pollution by particles. Scientific American,
257, 96-103.
Shiklomanov, I.A., 1997: On the effect of anthropogenic change in the
global climate on river runoff in the Yenisei basin. In: Runoff Computations
for Water Projects [Rozhdestvensky, A.V. (ed.)]. Technical Documents in
Hydrology, No. 9, International Hydrological Programme (IHP-V), United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France,
pp. 113-199.
Shiklomanov, I.A., 1994: Influence of anthropogenic changes in global
climate on the Yenisey River runoff. Meteorology and Hydrology, 2,
68-75 (in Russian).
Shiklomanov, I.A., A.I. Shiklomanov, R.B. Lammers, B.J. Peterson, A.I.
Shiklomanov, and C.J. Vorosmarty, 2000: The dynamics of river water inflow to
the Arctic Ocean. In: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean [Lewis,
E.L., E.P. Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse, and P. Wadhams (eds.)]. NATO Science
Series, No. 2, Environmental Security, J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
The Netherlands, Vol. 70, pp. 281-296.
Simmonds, I., 1998: The climate of the Antarctic region. In: Climates
of the Southern Continents [Hobbs, J.E., J.A.Lindesay, and H.A. Bridgemann
(eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp. 137-159.
Skinner, W.R., R.L. Jefferies, T.J. Carleton, R.F. Rockwell, and K.F.
Abraham, 1998: Prediction of reproductive success and failure in lesser snow
geese based on early season climatic variables. Global Change Biology,
4, 3-16.
Sklair, L., 1991: Sociology of the Global System. Harvester Wheatsheaf,
London, United Kingdom, 269 pp.
Skvarca, P., W. Rack, H. Rott, and T. Ibarzabaly Donangelo, 1998: Evidence
of recent climatic warming on the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Annals of
Glaciology, 27, 628-632.
Smith, D.M., 1998: Recent increase in the length of the melt season of
perennial Arctic sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 655-658.
Smith, A.M., D.G. Vaughan, C.S.M. Doake, and A.C. Johnson, 1999a: Surface
lowering of the ice ramp at Rothera Point, Antarctic Peninsula, in response
to regional climate change. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 113-118.
Smith, R.C., D. Ainley, K. Baker, E. Domack, S. Emslie, B. Fraser, J.
Kennett, A. Leventer, E. Mosley-Thompson, S. Stammerjohn, and M. Vernet, 1999b:
Marine ecosystem sensitivity to climate change. Bioscience, 49,
393-404.
Smith, I.N., W.F. Budd, and P. Reid, 1998a: Model estimates of Antarctic
accumulation rates and relationship to temperature changes. Annals of Glaciology,
27, 246-250.
Smith, P., O. Andren, L. Brussard, M. Dangerfield, K. Ekschmitt, P. Lavelle,
and K. Tate, 1998b: Soil biota and global change at the ecosystem level: describing
soil biota in mathematical models. Global Change Biology, 4, 773-784.
Smith, S.L. and M.M. Burgess, 1999: Mapping the sensitivity of Canadian
permafrost to climate warming. In: Interactions Between the Cryosphere, Climate
and Greenhouse Gases. Proceedings of International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
(IUGG) 99 Symposium HS2, Birmingham, July 1999 [Tranter, M., R. Armstrong,
E. Brun, G. Jones, M. Sharp, and M. Williams (eds.)]. International Association
of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), Birmingham, United Kingdom, Vol. 256, pp. 71-80.
Smith, S.L. and M.M. Burgess, 1998: Mapping the response of permafrost
in Canada to climate warming. In: Current Research 1998-E. Geological
Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 163-171.
Splettoesser, J., 1992: Antarctic Global Warming? Nature, 355,
503.
Stammerjohn, S.E. and R.C. Smith, 1996: Spatial and temporal variability
of western Anarctic Peninsula sea ice coverage. In: Foundations for Ecological
Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic Research Series 70 [Ross,
R.M., E.E. Hofmann, and L.B. Quetin (eds.)]. American Geophysical Union, Washington,
DC, USA, pp. 81-104.
Starfield, A.M. and F.S. Chapin, III, 1996: A dynamic model of arctic
and boreal vegetation change in response to global changes in climate and land-use.
Ecological Applications, 6, 842-864.
Steele, M. and T. Boyd, 1998: Retreat of the cold halocline layer in
the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 10419-10435.
Stewart, R.E., 2000: The variable climate of the Mackenzie River Basin:
its water cycle, feedbacks and fresh water discharge. In: The Freshwater
Budget of the Arctic Ocean [Lewis, E.L., E.P. Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse,
and P. Wadhams (eds.)]. NATO Science Series, No. 2, Environmental Security,
J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Vol. 70, pp. 367-381.
Stirling, I. and N.J. Lunn, 1997: Environmental fluctuations in arctic
marine ecosystems reflected by variability in reproduction of polar bears and
ringed seals. In: Ecology of Arctic Environments [Woodin, S.J. and M.
Marquiss (eds.)]. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 167-181.
Stirling, I., N.J. Lunn, and J. Iacozza, 1999: Long-term trends in the
population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate
change. Arctic, 52, 294-306.
Stocker, T.F. and A. Schmittner, 1997: Influence of CO2 emission
rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature, 388,
862-865.
Szeicz, J.M. and G.M. MacDonald, 1995: Dendroclimatic reconstruction
of summer temperatures in northwestern Canada since A.D. 1638 based on age-dependent
modeling. Quaternary Research, 44, 257-266.
Taylor, A. and M. Burgess, 1998: Canada's deep permafrost temperatures
and the research inspiration of Arthur H. Lachenbruch. EOS, Transactions,
American Geophysical Union, 79, 833.
Tenhunen, J.D., 1996: Diurnal and seasonal patterns of ecosystem CO2
efflux from upland tundra in the foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, USA.
Arctic and Alpine Research, 28, 328-338.
Thompson, D.W.J. and J.M. Wallace, 2000: Annual modes in the extratropical
circulation, part II: trends. Journal of Climate, 13, 1018-1036.
Torn, M.S. and F.S. Chapin III, 1993: Environmental and biotic controls
over methane flux from arctic tundra. Chemosphere, 26, 357-368.
Tynan, C.T. and D.P. DeMaster, 1997: Observations and predictions of
Arctic climatic change: potential effects on marine mammals. Arctic,
50, 308-322.
UNEP, 1997: Global Environment Outlook: An Overview. United Nations
Environment Program, in collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 264 pp.
van Blarcum, S.C., J.R. Miller, and G.L. Russell, 1995: High latitude
river runoff in a doubled CO2 climate. Climatic Change, 30,
7-26.
van Ommen, T.D. and V. Morgan, 1996: Peroxide concentrations in the DSS
ice core, Law Dome, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101,
15147-15152.
van Ommen, T.D. and V. Morgan, 1997: Calibrating the ice core paleothermometer
using seasonality. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 9351-9352.
Vaughan, D.G., 1993: Implications of the break up of Wordie Ice Shelf,
Antarctica for sea level. Antarctic Science, 5, 403-408.
Vaughan, D.G. and C.S.M. Doake, 1996: Recent atmospheric warming and
retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula. Nature, 379,
328-331.
Vaughan, D.G. and J.R. Spouge, 2000: Risk estimation of the collapse
of the West Antarctic ice sheet. Climatic Change (in press).
Vaughan, D.G., J.L. Bamber, M. Giovinetto, J. Russell, and A.P.R. Cooper,
1999: Reassessment of net surface mass balance in Antarctica. Journal of
Climate, 12, 933-946.
Vilchek, G.E., 1997: Arctic ecosystem stability and disturbance. In:
Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands, An Ecological Perspective [Crawford,
R.M.M. (ed.)]. NATO-ASI Series, No. 2, Environment, J. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Vol. 25, pp. 179-189.
Vilcheck, G.E. and A.A. Tishkov, 1997: Usinsk oil spill: Environmental
catastrophe or routine event? In: Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands,
An Ecological Perspective [Crawford, R.M.M. (ed.)]. NATO-ASI Series, No.
2, Environment, J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Vol.
25, pp. 411-420.
Vilhjalmsson, H., 1997: Climatic variations and some examples of their
effects on the marine ecology of Icelandic and Greenland waters, in particular
during the present century. Rit Fiskideildar Journal of the Marine Research
Institude, Rykjavik, XV, 9-29.
Vinje, T., 2001: Anomalies and trends of sea ice extent and atmosphere
circulation in the Nordic Seas during the period 1864-1998. Journal
of Climate, 14, 255-267.
Vinje, T., N. Nordlund, and Å. Kvambekk, 1998: Monitoring ice thickness
in Fram Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 10437-10449.
Vinnikov, K.Y., A. Robock, R.J. Stouffer, J.E. Walsh, C.L. Parkinson,
D.J. Cavalieri, J.F.B. Mitchell, D. Garrett, and V.F. Zakharov, 1999: Global
warming and Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent. Science, 286,
1934-1937.
Virtanen, T., S. Neuvon, and A. Nikula, 1998: Modelling topoclimatic
patterns of egg mortality of Epirrita Autumnata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) with
a geographical information system-predictions for current climate and warmer
climate scenarios. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35(2), 311-322.
Vourlitis, G.L. and W.C. Oechel, 1999: Eddy covariance measurements of
CO2 and energy fluxes of an Alaskan tussock tundra ecosystem. Ecology,
80, 686-701.
Vourlitis, G.L., W.C. Oechel, S.J. Hastings, and M.A. Jenkins, 1993:
The effect of soil moisture and thaw depth on CH4 flux from wet coastal
tundra ecosystems on the north slope of Alaska. Chemosphere, 26,
329-337.
Vyalov, S.S., A.S. Gerasimov, and S.M. Fotiev, 1998: Influence of global
warming on the state and geotechnical properties of permafrost. In: Proceedings
of the Seventh International Conference on Permafrost, Yellowknife, NWT, 23-27
June 1998 [Lewkowicz, A.G. and M. Allard (eds.)]. Collection Nordiana, No.
57, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, pp.
1097-1102.
Wadhams, P., 1997: Ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean: the statistical
reliability of experimental data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
27951-27959.
Waelbroeck, C., 1993: Climate soil processes in the presence of permafrost:
a systems modeling approach. Ecological Modeling, 69, 185-225.
Waelbroeck, C., P. Monfray, W.C. Oechel, S. Hastings, and G. Vourlitis,
1997: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical
Research Letters, 24, 229-232.
Walker, D.A., J.G. Bockheim, F.S. Chapin III, W. Eugster, J.Y. King,
J.P. McFadden, G.J. Michaelson, F.E. Nelson, W.C. Oechel, C.L.Ping, W.S. Reeburgh,
S. Regli, N.I. Shiklomanov, and G.L. Vourlitis, 1998: A major arctic soil pH
boundary: implications for energy and trace gas fluxes. Nature, 394,
469-472.
Walsh, J.E., V. Kattsov, D. Portis, and V. Meleshko, 1998: Arctic precipitation
and evaporation: model results and observational estimates. Journal of Climate,
11, 72-87.
Wang, B. and M. Allard, 1995: Recent climatic trend and thermal response
of permafrost in Salluit, northern Quebec, Canada. Permafrost and Periglacial
Processes, 6, 221-233.
Ward, C.G., 1995: The mapping of ice front changes on Müller Ice
Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science, 7, 197-198.
Warner, R.C. and W.F. Budd, 1998: Modelling the long-term response of
the Antarctic ice sheet to global warming. Annals of Glaciology, 27,
161-168.
Warren, D.M., L.J. Slikkerveer, and D. Brokensha (eds.), 1995: The
Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Intermediate
Technology Publications, London, United Kingdom, 582 pp.
Welch, H.E., 1995: Marine conservation in the Canadian Arctic: a regional
overview. Northern Perspectives, 23, 1-19.
Weller, G., 1998: Regional impacts of climate change in the Arctic and
Antarctic. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 543-552.
Weller, G. and P.A. Anderson (eds.), 1999: Assessing the Consequences
of Climate Change for Alaska and the Bering Sea Region. Proceedings of a Workshop
at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 29-30 October 1998. Center for Global
Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA,
94 pp.
Weller, G. and M. Lange, 1999: Impacts of Global Climate Change in
the Arctic Regions. International Arctic Science Committee, Center for Global
Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA,
pp. 1-59.
Wenzel, G.W., 1995: Warming the Arctic: environmentalism and the Canadian
Inuit. In: Human Ecology and Climate Change [Peterson, D.L. and D.R.
Johnson (eds.)]. Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 169-184.
Whetton, P.H., M.H. England, S.P. O'Farrell, I.G. Watterson, and A.B.
Pittock, 1996: Global comparisons of the regional rainfall results of enhanced
greenhouse coupled and mixed layer experiments: implications for climate change
scenario development for Australia. Climatic Change, 33, 497-519.
White, J.W.C. and E.J. Steig, 1998: Timing of everything in a game of
two hemispheres. Nature, 394, 717-718.
Whitworth, T., A.H. Orsi, S.J. Kim, and W.D. Nowlin, 1998: Water masses
and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. In: Ocean, Ice and Atmosphere,
Interactions at the Antarctic Continental Margin, Antarctic Research Series
75 [Jacobs, S.S. and R.F. Weiss (eds.)]. American Geophysical Union, Washington,
DC, USA, pp. 1-27.
Williams, M.J.M., A. Jenkins, and J. Determann, 1998a: Physical controls
on ocean circulation beneath ice shelves revealed by numerical models. In: Ocean,
Ice and Atmosphere, Interactions at the Antarctic Continental Margin, Antarctic
Research Series 75 [Jacobs, S.S. and R.F. Weiss, (eds.)]. American Geophysical
Union, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 285-299.
Williams, M.J.M., R.C. Warner, and W.F. Budd, 1998b: The effects of ocean
warming on melting and ocean circulation under the Amery Ice Shelf, east Antarctica.
Annals of Glaciology, 27, 75-80.
Williams, P.J., 1995: Permafrost and climate change: geotechnical implications.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 352A,
347-358.
Wingham, D.J., A.J. Ridout, R. Scharroo, R.J. Arthern, and C.K. Schum,
1998: Antarctic elevation change from 1992 to 1996. Science, 282,
456-458.
Wolfe, S.A., S.R., Dallimore, and S.M. Solomon, 1998: Coastal permafrost
investigations along a rapidly eroding shoreline, Tuktoyaktuk, NWT, Canada.
In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Permafrost, Yellowknife,
NWT, 23-27 June 1998 [Lewkowicz, A.G. and M. Allard (eds.)]. Collection
Nordicana No. 57, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec,
Canada, pp. 1125-1131.
Wolfe, S.A., E. Kotler, and F.M. Nixon, 2000: Recent warming impacts
in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories and northern Yukon Territory coastal
areas. In: Current Research 2000-B1. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, 9 pp. Available online at http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/bookstore.
Wong, A.P.S., N.L. Bindoff, and J.A. Church, 1999: Large-scale freshening
of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Nature, 400,
440-443.
Woo, M.K., 1996: Hydrology of northern North America under global warming.
In: Regional Hydrological Responses to Climate Change [Jones, J.A.A.,
C. Liu, M.-K. Woo, and H.-T. Kung (eds.)]. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht,
The Netherlands, pp. 73-86.
Woo, M.K. and K.L. Young, 1998: Characteristics of patchy wetlands in
a polar desert environment, Arctic Canada. In: Proceedings of the Seventh
International Conference on Permafrost, Yellowknife, NWT, 23-27 June 1998 [Lewkowicz,
A.G. and M. Allard (eds.)]. Collection Nordicana No. 57, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques,
Université Laval, Québec, Canada, pp. 1141-1146.
Wood, R.A., A.B. Keen, J.F.B. Mitchell, and J.M. Gregory, 1999: Changing
spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmospheric
CO2 forcing in a climate model. Nature, 399, 572-575.
Wookey, P.A., J.M. Welker, A.N. Parsons, M.C. Press, T.V. Callaghan,
and J.A. Lee, 1994: Differential growth, allocation and photosynthetic responses
of Polygoruim viviparum to similated environmental change at a high arctic
polar semi-desert. Oikos, 70, 131-139.
Wookey, P.A., A.N. Parsons, J.M. Welker, J.A. Potter, T.V. Callaghan,
J.A. Lee, and M.C. Press, 1993: Comparitive responses of phenology and reproductive
development to simulated environmental change in sub-Arctic and high Arctic
plants. Oikos, 67, 490-502.
Wright, J.F. and T.F. Stocker, 1993: Younger Dryas experiments. In: Ice
in the Climate System [Peltier, W.R. (ed.)]. NATO-ASI Series, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, Vol. 112, pp. 395-416.
Wu, X. and W.F. Budd, 1998: Modelling global warming and Antarctic sea
ice changes over the past century. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 413-419.
Wu, X., I. Simmonds, and W.F. Budd, 1997: Modelling of Antarctic sea
ice in a general circulation model. Journal of Climate, 10, 593-609.
Wu, X., W.F. Budd, V.I. Lytle, and R.A Massom, 1999: The effect of snow
on Antarctic sea ice simulations in a coupled atmosphere sea ice model. Climate
Dynamics, 15(2), 127-143.
Zhang, T., R.G. Barry, K. Knowles, J.A. Heginbottom, and J. Brown, 1999:
Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in
the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geography, 23, 132-154.
Zimov, S.A., S.P. Davidov, G.M. Zimova, A.I. Davidova, F.S. Chapin III,
M.C. Chapin, and J.F. Reynolds, 1999: Contribution of disturbance to high-latitude
amplification of atmospheric CO2. Science, 284, 1973-1976.
Zuidhoff, F.S. and E. Kolstrup, 2000: Changes in palsa distribution in
relation to climate change in Laivadalen, northern Sweden, especially 1960-1997.
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 11, 55-69.
Zwally, H.J. and S. Fiegles, 1994: Extent and duration of Antarctic surface
melting. Journal of Glaciology, 40, 463-476.
Other reports in this collection |