Climate Change 2001:
Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
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15.3.2.7. Southeast United States

The Gulf of Mexico has a problem with hypoxia (low oxygen) during summer over an area of approximately 15,000 km2 (Turner and Rabalais, 1991; Rabalais et al., 1996). The hypoxia has been shown to be a result of excess nutrients—primarily nitrogen—transported to the Gulf from the Mississippi River basin. This basin is heavily fertilized for crop production. The causes of, and proposed solutions for, this hypoxia problem are an excellent example of a complex interaction between climate and other human stresses on natural ecosystems. Specific "lessons" from this problem include the following:

Management practices designed to reduce nitrogen losses from agricultural watersheds—from improved fertilizer management to the construction of wetlands—will be strongly affected by climate (NRC, 1993). Climate change will decrease the reliability of these practices. Increases in climate extremes almost certainly will decrease their long-term performance.

Table 15-6: Climate change adaptation issues in North American subregions. Unique issues for certain locations also are indicated.
North American
Subregions
Development Context
Climate Change
Adaptation Options and Challenges
Most or all subregions
  • Changing commodity markets
  • Intensive water resources development over
    large areas—domestic and transboundary
  • Lengthy entitlement/land claim/treaty
    agreements—domestic and transboundary
  • Urban expansion
  • Transportation expansion
  • Role of water/environmental markets
  • Changing design and operations of water and
    energy systems
  • New technology/practices in agriculture and
    forestry
  • Protection of threatened ecosystems or
    adaptation to new landscapes
  • Increased role for summer (warm weather)
    tourism
  • Risks to water quality from extreme events
  • Managing community health for changing
    risk factors
  • Changing roles of public emergency assistance
    and private insurance
Arctic border
  • Winter transport system
  • Indigenous lifestyles
  • Design for changing permafrost and ice
    conditions
  • Role of two economies and co-management
    bodies
Coastal regions
  • Declines in some commercial marine
    resources (cod, salmon)
  • Intensive coastal zone development
  • Aquaculture, habitat protection, fleet reductions
  • Coastal zone planning in high-demand areas
Great Lakes
  • Sensitivity to lake-level fluctuations
  • Managing for reduction in mean levels without
    increased shoreline encroachment


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