8. Insurance and Other Financial Services

8.2.1. Present-Day Conditions
8.2.2. Attribution Analyses of Loss Trends
8.2.3. Climate Events that are Relevant to the Insurance and Other Financial Services Sectors

8.3. Private and Public Insurance

8.3.1. Major Market Segments: Property/Casualty and Life/Health
8.3.2. Risk Sharing between the Private and Public Sectors
8.3.3. Insurers' Vulnerability and Capacity to Absorb Losses

8.3.3.1. Quantifying Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity
8.3.3.2. Natural Catastrophes and Insurer Solvency
8.3.3.3. Vulnerability of Reinsurers
8.3.3.4. Regulatory Uncertainties
8.3.3.5. Vulnerability of Local, State, and Federal Governments as Providers of Insurance and Relief Assistance
8.3.4. Adaptation

8.3.4.1. Adaptation Mechanisms: Risk Spreading
8.3.4.2. Adaptation Mechanisms: Risk Reduction

8.4. Impacts and the Role of the Banking Industry

8.4.1. Climate Change Impacts
8.4.2. Adaptation Issues
8.4.3. The Role of UNEP Financial Services Initiatives in the Climate Change Debate

8.5. Special Issues in Developing Countries

8.5.1. Statistics on Disasters
8.5.2. Disaster Relief
8.5.3. Natural Disasters and Development
8.5.4. Vulnerability and Financial Adaptation in Developing Countries

8.6. Issues that are Related to Funding for Adaptation

8.7. Future Challenges and Research Needs

Acknowledgments

References

Pier Vellinga (the Netherlands) and Evan Mills (USA)

Lead Authors:
G. Berz (Germany), L. Bouwer (The Netherlands), S. Huq (Bangladesh), L.A. Kozak (USA), J. Palutikof (UK), B. Schanzenbächer (Switzerland), G. Soler (Argentina)

Contributing Authors:
C. Benson (UK), J. Bruce (Canada), G. Frerks (The Netherlands), P. Huyck (USA), P. Kovacs (Canada), A. Olsthoom (The Netherlands), A. Peara (USA), S. Shida (Japan)

Review Editor:
A. Dlugolecki (UK)

Other reports in this collection

8. Insurance and Other Financial Services

Contents