Climate Change 2001:
Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
Other reports in this collection

References

Adger, W.N., 1999: Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam. World Development, 27(2), 249-269.
Albritton, D. and L. Kuijpers (eds.), 1999: Synthesis of the Reports of the Scientific, Environmental Effects, and Technology and Economic Assessment Panels of the Montreal Protocol. A Decade of Assessments for Decision Makers Regarding the Protection of the Ozone Layer: 1988-1999. United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, 161 pp.
Alcamo, J. and E. Kreileman, 1996: Emission scenarios and global climate protection. Global Environmental Change, 6, 305-334.
Alcamo, J., R.W. Shaw, and L. Hordijk, (eds.), 1990: The RAINS Model of Acidification. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 402 pp.
Alcamo, J., G.J. van den Born, A.F. Bouwman, B.J. de Haan, K. Klein Goldewijk, O. Klepper, J. Krabec, R. Leemans, J.G.J. Olivier, A.M.C. Toet, H.J.M. de Vries, and H.J. van der Woerd, 1994: Modeling the global society-biosphere-climate system: part 2: computed scenarios. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 76, 37-78.
Alcamo, J., A. Bouwman, J. Edmonds, A. Grübler, T. Morita, and A. Sugandhy, 1995: An evaluation of the IPCC IS92 emission scenarios. In: Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emissions Scenarios [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 247-304.
Alcamo, J., G.J.J. Kreileman, J.C. Bollen, G.J. van den Born, R. Gerlagh, M.S. Krol, A.M.C. Toet, and H.J.M. de Vries, 1996: Baseline scenarios of global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 6, 261-303.
Alcamo, J., E. Kreileman, M. Krol, R. Leemans, J.C. Bollen, M. Schaeffer, J. van Minnen, A.M.C. Toet, and H.J.M. de Vries, 1998a: Global modelling of environmental change: an overview of IMAGE 2.1. In: Global Change Scenarios of the 21st Century. Results from the IMAGE 2.1 Model [Alcamo, J., R. Leemans, and E. Kreileman (eds.)]. Pergamon, London, UK, pp. 3-94.
Alcamo, J., R. Leemans, and E. Kreileman (eds.), 1998b: Global Change Scenarios of the 21st Century. Results from the IMAGE 2.1 Model. Pergamon, London, United Kingdom, 296 pp.
Alcamo, J., T. Henrichs, and T. Rösch, 2000: World Water in 2025--Global Modeling and Scenario Analysis for the World Commission on Water for the 21st Century. Report A0002, Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany, 48 pp.
Alexandratos, N. (ed.), 1995: Agriculture: Towards 2010: An FAO Study. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 488 pp.
Alexandrov, E.L., Yu.A. Izrael, I.L. Karol, and A.H. Khrgian, 1992: The Ozone Shield of the Earth and Its Changes. St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, Russia, 288 pp. (in Russian).
Ali, A., 1996: Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 171-179.
Allen, M.R., P.A. Stott, J.F.B. Mitchell, R. Schnur, and T.L. Delworth, 2000: Quantifying the uncertainty in forecasts of anthropogenic climate change. Nature, 407, 617-620.
Andrady, A.L., S.H. Hamid, X. Hu, and A. Torikai, 1998: Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on materials. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46, 96-103.
Anisimov, O.A. and F.E. Nelson, 1996: Permafrost and global warming: strategies of adaptation. In: Adapting to Climate Change: An International Perspective [Smith, J.B., N. Bhatti, G. Menzhulin, R. Benioff, M. Campos, B. Jallow, F. Rijsberman M.I. Budyko, and R.K. Dixon (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, pp. 440-449.
ApSimon, H.M., R.F. Warren, and J.J.N. Wilson, 1994: The abatement strategies assessment model--ASAM: applications to reductions of sulphur dioxide emissions across Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 28(4), 649-663.
Arndt, R.L., G.R. Carmichael, D.G. Streets, and D.G. Bhatti, 1997: Sulfur dioxide emissions and sectorial contributions to sulfur deposition in Asia. Atmospheric Environment, 31(10), 1553-1572.
Arnell, N.W., 1995: Grid mapping of river discharge. Journal of Hydrology, 167, 39-56.
Arnell, N.W., 1999: Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental Change, 9, S31-S49.
Arnell, N., B. Bates, H. Lang, J.J. Magnuson, and P. Mulholland, 1996: Hydrology and freshwater ecology. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 325-363.
Austin, J., N. Butchart, and K.P. Shine, 1992: Possibility of an Arctic ozone hole in a doubled-CO2 climate. Nature, 360, 221-225.
Barnes, J.D., J.H. Ollerenshaw, and C.P. Whitfield, 1995: Effects of elevated CO2 and/or O3 on growth, development and physiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Global Change Biology, 1, 101-114.
Barrow, C.J., 1991: Land Degradation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 295 pp.
Barrow, E.M., M. Hulme, M.A. Semenov, and R.J. Brooks, 2000: Climate change scenarios. In: Climate Change, Climate Variability and Agriculture in Europe: An Integrated Assessment [Downing, T.E., P.E. Harrison, R.E. Butterfield, and K.G. Lonsdale (eds.)]. Research Report No. 21, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 11-27.
Bates, B.C., S.P. Charles, N.R. Sumner, and P.M. Fleming, 1994: Climate change and its hydrological implications for South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 118, 35-43.
Bates, B.C., A.J. Jakeman, S.P. Charles, N.R. Summer, and P.M. Fleming, 1996: Impacts of climate change on Australia's surface water resources. In: Greenhouse: Coping with Climate Change [Bouma, W.J., G.I. Pearman, and M.R. Manning (eds.)]. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, pp. 248-262.
Bell, R.G., D.G. Goring, and W.P. de Lange, 1999: Rising and extreme sea levels around New Zealand. Proceedings of the IPENZ Congress 1999. The Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 121-131.
Bergthórsson, P., H. Björnsson, O. Dyrmundsson, B. Gudmundsson, A. Helgadóttir, and J.V. Jónmundsson, 1988: The effects of climatic variations on agriculture in Iceland. In: The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture. Volume 1. Assessments in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions [Parry, M.L., T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 381-509.
Berkhout, F., J. Hertin, I. Lorenzoni, A. Jordan, K. Turner, T. O'Riordan, D. Cobb, L. Ledoux, R. Tinch, M. Hulme, J. Palutikof, and J. Skea, 1999: Non-Climate Futures Study: Socio-Economic Futures Scenarios for Climate Impact Assessment. Report produced for the United Kingdom Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom, 81 pp.
Betts, R.A., P.M. Cox, S.E. Lee, and F.I. Woodward, 1997: Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks in climate change simulations. Nature, 387, 796-799.
Bijlsma, L., 1996: Coastal zones and small islands. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 289-324.
Boer, G.J., G. Flato, and D. Ramsden, 2000: A transient climate change simulation with greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing: projected climate to the twenty-first century. Climate Dynamics, 16, 427-450.
Bonan, G.B., 1997: Effects of land use on the climate of the United States. Climatic Change, 37, 449-486.
Bonan, G.B., D. Pollard, and S.L. Thompson, 1992: Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature, 359, 716-718.
Borzenkova, I.I., 1998: The accuracy of paleoclimatic information. Meteorology and Hydrology, 9, 51-61 (in Russian).
Bouwman, A.F. and D.P. van Vuuren, 1999: Global Assessment of Acidification and Eutrophication of Natural Ecosystems. United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Environmental Information, Assessment, and Early Warning (UNEP/DEIA&EW), Nairobi, Kenya, and National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 52 pp.
Brasseur, G.P., D.A. Hauglustaine, S. Walters, P.J. Rasch, J.-F. Müller, C. Granier, and X.X. Tie, 1998: MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers, 1, model description. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 28265-28289.
Braswell, B.H., D.S. Schimel, E. Linder, and B. Moore II, 1997: The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability. Science, 278, 870-872.
Bray, M.J. and J.M. Hooke, 1997: Prediction of soft-cliff retreat with accelerating sea-level rise. Journal of Coastal Research, 13, 453-467.
Broström, A., M. Coe, S.P. Harrison, R. Gallimore, J.E. Kutzbach, J. Foley, I.C. Prentice, and P. Behling, 1998: Land surface feedbacks and palaeomonsoons in northern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 3615-3618.
Brown, R.A. and N.J. Rosenberg, 1999: Climate change impacts on the potential productivity of corn and winter wheat in their primary United States growing regions. Climatic Change, 41, 73-107.
Brown, R.A., N.J. Rosenberg, W.E. Easterling, C. Hays, and L.O. Mearns, 2000: Potential production and environmental effects of switchgrass and traditional crops under current and greenhouse-altered climate in the MINK region of the central United States. Ecology and Agriculture Environment, 78, 31-47.
Bryan, K., 1996: The steric component of sea level rise associated with enhanced greenhouse warming: a model study. Climate Dynamics, 12, 545-555.
Budyko, M.I. and G.V. Menzhulin, 1996: Climate change impacts on agriculture and global food production: options for adaptive strategies. In: Adapting to Climate Change: An International Perspective [Smith, J.B., N. Bhatti, G. Menzhulin, R. Benioff, M. Campos, B. Jallow, F. Rijsberman M.I. Budyko, and R.K. Dixon (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, pp. 188-203.
Caldwell, M.M., L.O. Bjorn, J.F. Bornman, S.D. Flint, G. Kulandaivelu, A.H. Teramura, and M. Tevini, 1998: Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46, 40-52.
Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, J.F. Crossley, S. Malyshev, M.G. New, M.E. Schlesinger, and H. Tuomenvirta, 2000: Climate Change in the 21st Century - Interim Characterizations based on the New IPCC Emissions Scenarios. The Finnish Environment 433, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 148 pp.
Charney, J.G., W.J. Quirk, S.H. Chow, and J. Kornfield, 1977: A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 1366-1385.
Chu, P.-S., Z.-P. Yu, and S. Hastenrath, 1994: Detecting climate change concurrent with deforestation in the Amazon Basin: which way has it gone? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 579-583.
Claussen, M., 1997: Modeling bio-geophysical feedback in the African and Indian monsoon region. Climate Dynamics, 13, 247-257.
Collins, W.J, D.S. Stevenson, C.E. Johnson, and R.G. Derwent, 1997: Tropospheric ozone in a global-scale three-dimensional Lagrangian model and its response to NOx emission controls. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 26, 223-274. Covey, C., 1995: Using paleoclimates to predict future climate: how far can analogy go? Climatic Change, 29, 403-407.
Cramer, W., D.W. Kicklighter, A. Bondeau, B. Moore, G. Churkina, A. Ruimy, and A. Schloss, 1997: Comparing Global Models of Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity (NPP): Overview and Key Results. PIK Report No. 30, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, The Netherlands, 38 pp.
Crowley, T.J., 1990: Are there any satisfactory geologic analogs for a future greenhouse warming? Journal of Climate, 3, 1282-1292.
Crutzen, P.J. and J.G. Goldammer (eds.), 1993: Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 400 pp.
CSIRO, 1997: OzClim--A Climate Scenario Generator and Impacts Package for Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Atmospheric Research, Climate Impact Group, Aspendale, Australia, 4 pp. Available online at http://www.dar.csiro.au/ publications/ozclim.htm.
Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Höck, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B.D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dynamics, 7, 55-69.
Cubasch, U., G.C. Hegerl, and J. Waszkewitz, 1996: Prediction, detection and regional assessment of anthropogenic climate change. Geophysica, 32, 77-96.
Cure, J.D. and B. Acock, 1986: Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: a literature survey. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 38, 127-145.
de Gruijl, F.R., 1997: Health effects from solar UV radiation. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 72, 177-196.
Delcroix, T., 1998: Observed surface oceanic and atmospheric variability in the tropical Pacific at seasonal and ENSO timescales: a tentative overview. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 18611-18633.
Derwent, R.G., P. Grennfelt, and Ø. Hov, 1991: Photochemical oxidants in the atmosphere. Status Report Prepared for the Nordic Council of Ministers. Nord, 7, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 72 pp.
de Wolde, J.R., 1999: Uncertainties in sea-level scenarios. In: Representing Uncertainty in Climate Change Scenarios and Impact Studies. Proceedings of the ECLAT-2 Helsinki Workshop, 14-16 April, 1999 [Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, and D. Viner (eds.)]. Climatic Research Unit, Norwich, United Kingdom, pp. 71-73.
de Wolde, J.R., P. Huybrechts, J. Oerlemans, and R.S.W. VandeWal, 1997: Projections of global mean sea level rise calculated with a 2D energy-balance model and dynamic ice sheet models. Tellus Series A, 49, 486-502.
Diffey, B.L., 1992: Stratospheric ozone depletion and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in a British population. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 37, 2267-2279.
Döös, B.R., 1997: Can large-scale environmental migrations be predicted? Global Environmental Change, 7, 41-61.
Douglas, B.C., 1997: Global sea rise: a redetermination. Surveys in Geophysics, 18, 279-292.
Downing, T.E., R.E. Butterfield., S. Cohen, S. Huq, R. Moss, A. Rahman, Y. Sokona, and L. Stephen, 2000: Climate Change Vulnerability: Toward a Framework for Understanding Adaptability to Climate Change Impacts. UN Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, and Environmental Change Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom.
El Raey, M., Y. Fouda, and S. Nasr, 1997: GIS assessment of the vulnerability of the Rosetta area, Egypt to impacts of sea rise. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 47, 59-77.
Eltahir, E.A.B. and C.L. Gong, 1996: Dynamics of wet and dry years in West Africa. Journal of Climate, 9, 1030-1042.
EMEP, 1998: Transboundary acidifying air pollution in Europe. In: Research Report 66, EMEP/MSC-W Status Report 1998, Parts 1 and 2. Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Blindern, Norway. Emori, S., T. Nozawa, A. Abe-Ouchi, A. Numaguti, M. Kimoto, and T. Nakajima, 1999: Coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments of future climate change with an explicit representation of sulfate aerosol scattering. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 77, 1299-1307.
FAO, 1999: FAOSTAT Statistics Online Database. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. Available online at http://apps.fao.org.
Feenstra, J., I. Burton, J.B. Smith, and R.S.J. Tol (eds.), 1998: Handbook on Methods of Climate Change Impacts Assessment and Adaptation Strategies. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, and Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 448 pp.
Feichter, J., E. Kjellstrom, H. Rodhe, F. Dentener, J. Lelieveld, and G.-J. Roelofs, 1996: Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global climate model. Atmospheric Environment, 30(11), 1693-1707.
Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. and J.N. Pitts, 1986: Atmospheric Chemistry Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1098 pp.
Fischer, G. and C. Rosenzweig, 1996: The impacts of climate change, carbon dioxide, and sulfur deposition on agricultural supply and trade: an integrated impact assessment. In: Climate Change: Integrating Science, Economics and Policy [Nakicenovic, N., W.D. Nordhaus, R. Richels, and F.L. Toth (eds.)]. IIASA Collaborative Paper CP-96-01, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 83-110.
Foell, W.K., C. Green, M. Amann, S. Bhattacharya, G. Carmichael, M. Chadwick, S. Cinderby, T. Haugland, J.-P. Hettelingh, L. Hordijk, J. Kuylenstierna, J. Shah, R. Shrestha, D. Streets, and D. Zhao, 1995: Energy use, emissions, and air pollution reduction strategies in Asia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85(4), 2277-2282.
Foley, J.A., S. Levis, I.C. Prentice, D. Pollard, and S.L. Thompson, 1998: Coupling dynamic models of climate and vegetation. Global Change Biology, 4, 561-579.
Folland, C.K., T.R. Karl, and K.Ya. Vinnikov, 1990: Observed climate variations and change. In: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment [Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 195-238.
Foster, D.R., G. Motzkin, and B. Slater, 1998: Land-use history as long-term broad-scale disturbance: regional forest dynamics in Central New England. Ecosystems, 1, 96-119.
Fox-Rabinovitz, M.S., G. Stenchikov, and L.L.Takacs, 1997: A finite-difference GCM dynamical core with a variable resolution stretched grid. Monthly Weather Review, 125, 2943-2961.
Fuhrer, J., 1996: The critical levels for effects of ozone on crops, and the transfer to mapping. In: Critical Levels for Ozone in Europe: Testing and Finalizing the Concepts. UN-ECE Workshop Report [Kärenlampi, L. and L. Skärby (eds.)]. University of Kuopio, Finland, pp. 27-43.
Gambolati, G., P. Teatini, L. Tomasi, and M. Gonella, 1999: Coastline regression of the Romagna region, Italy, due to natural and anthropogenic land subsidence and sea level rise. Water Resources Research, 35, 163-184.
Ganopolski, A., C. Kubatzki, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, and V. Petoukhov, 1998: The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene. Science, 280, 1916-1919.
Gash, J.H.C., C.A. Nobre, J.M. Roberts, and R.L. Victoria (eds.), 1996: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, 611 pp.
GESAMP, 1990: The State of the Marine Environment. GESAMP Report No. 39, IMO/FAO/Unesco/WMO/IAEA/UNU/UNEP, Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 111 pp. Giorgi, F. and L.O. Mearns, 1991: Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change: a review. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 191-216.
Giorgi, F. and L.O. Mearns, 1999: Regional climate modeling revisited: an introduction to the special issue. Journal of Geophysical Research (Special Issue on New Developments and Applications with the NCAR Regional Climate Model [RegCM]), 104(D6), 6335-6352.
Glantz, M. (ed.), 1988: Societal Responses to Regional Climatic Change: Forecasting by Analogy. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 428 pp.
Gleick, P.H., 1998: The World's Water 1998-1999: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 319 pp.
Goldberg, E.D., 1995: Emerging problems in the coastal zone for the twenty-first century. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31, 152-158.
Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C.A. Senior, H.T. Banks, J.M. Gregory, T.C. Johns, J.F.B. Mitchell, and R.A. Wood, 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dynamics, 16, 147-168.
Gordon, H.B. and S.P. O'Farrell, 1997: Transient climate change in the CSIRO coupled model with dynamic sea ice. Monthly Weather Review, 125, 875-907.
Government of Pakistan, 1998: Study on Climate Impact and Adaptation Strategies for Pakistan. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Goudriaan, J., H.H. Shugart, H. Bugmann, W. Cramer, A. Bondeau, R.H. Gardner, L.A. Hunt, W.K. Lauwenroth, J.J. Landsberg, S. Linder, I.R. Noble, W.J. Parton, L.F. Pitelka, M. Stafford Smith, R.W. Sutherst, C. Valentin, and F.I. Woodward, 1999: Use of models in global change studies. In: The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems [Walker, B., W. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. Ingram (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 106-140.
Gregory, J.M. and J. Oerlemans, 1998: Simulated future sea-level rise due to glacier melt based on regionally and seasonally resolved temperature changes. Nature, 391, 474-476.
Grennfelt, P., 1996: The second NOx protocol: how to link science to policy? In: Critical Levels for Ozone in Europe: Testing and Finalizing the Concepts. UN-ECE Workshop Report [Kärenlampi, L. and L. Skärby (eds.)]. University of Kuopio, Finland, pp. 108-109.
Grennfelt, P., H. Rodhe, E. Thörnelöf, and J. Wisniewski (eds.), 1996: Acid reign '95? Proceedings of the 5th international conference on acidic deposition, Göteborg, Sweden, 26-30 June 1995. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85(1-4), 2730 pp.
Grübler, A., 1998: A review of global and regional sulfur emission scenarios. Journal of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 3, 383-418.
Gwynne-Jones, D., J.A. Lee, and T.V. Callaghan, 1997: Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on a sub-arctic forest heath ecosystem. Plant Ecology, 128, 242-249.
Haarsma, R.J., J.F.B. Mitchell, and C.A. Senior, 1993: Tropical disturbances in a GCM. Climate Dynamics, 8, 247-257.
Hader, D.-P., H.D. Kumar, R.C. Smith, and R.C. Worrest, 1998: Effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46, 53-68.
Hahmann, A.N. and R.E. Dickinson, 1997: RCCM2-BATS model over tropical South America: applications to tropical deforestation. Journal of Climate, 10, 1944-1964.
Hansen, J., G. Russell, D. Rind, P. Stone, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy, and L. Travis, 1983: Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies: models I and II. Monthly Weather Review, 111, 609-662.
Hansen, J., I. Fung, A. Lacis, D. Rind, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy, and G. Russell, 1988: Global climate changes as forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies three-dimensional model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(D8), 9341-9364.
Harrison, P.A. and R.E. Butterfield, 1996: Effects of climate change on Europe-wide winter wheat and sunflower productivity. Climate Research, 7, 225-241.
Harvey, L.D.D., J. Gregory, M. Hoffert, A. Jain, M. Lal, R. Leemans, S.C.B. Raper, T.M.L. Wigley, and J.R. de Wolde, 1997: An introduction to simple climate models used in the IPCC Second Assessment Report. IPCC Technical Paper II [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, D.J. Griggs, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland, 50 pp.
Hay, E.L., R.B. Wilby, and G.H. Leavesy, 1999: A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios: implications for climate change scenarios in three mountainous basins in the United States. In: Proceedings of the AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climatic Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, May, 1999, Atlanta, GA [Adams, D.B. (ed.)]. American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, VA, USA, 424 pp.
Hayden, B.P., 1998: Ecosystem feedbacks on climate at the landscape scale. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353, 5-18.
Haywood, J.M., R.J. Stouffer, R.T. Wetherald, S. Manabe, and V. Ramaswamy, 1997: Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 1335-1338.
Henderson-Sellers, A., K. McGuffie, and C. Gross, 1995: Sensitivity of global climate model simulations to increased stomatal resistance and CO2 increases. Journal of Climate, 8, 1738-1756.
Herman, J.R., P.K. Bhartia, J. Ziemke, Z. Ahmad, and D. Larko, 1996: UV-B radiation increases (1979-1992) from decreases in total ozone. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 2117-2120.
Hewitt, C.D. and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1998: A fully coupled GCM simulation of the climate of the mid-Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 361-364.
Hoekstra, A.Y., 1997: The water submodel: AQUA. In: Perspectives on Global Change: The TARGETS Approach [Rotmans, J. and B. de Vries (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 109-134.
Houghton, R.A., 1995: Land use change and the carbon cycle. Global Change Biology, 1, 275-287.
Hulme, M. and O. Brown, 1998: Portraying climate scenario uncertainties in relation to tolerable regional climate change. Climate Research, 10, 1-14.
Hulme, M. and T.R. Carter, 1999: Representing uncertainty in climate change scenarios and impact studies. In: Representing Uncertainty in Climate Change Scenarios and Impact Studies. Proceedings of the ECLAT-2 Helsinki Workshop, 14-16 April, 1999 [Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, and D. Viner (eds.)]. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, pp. 11-37.
Hulme, M., T. Jiang, and T. Wigley, 1995: SCENGEN: A Climate Change SCENario GENerator. Software User Manual, Version 1.0. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, 38 pp.
Hulme, M., E.M. Barrow, N. Arnell, P.A. Harrison, T.E. Downing, and T.C. Johns, 1999a: Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability. Nature, 397, 688-691.
Hulme, M., J. Mitchell, W. Ingram, J. Lowe, T. Johns, M. New, and D. Viner, 1999b: Climate change scenarios for global impacts studies. Global Environmental Change, 9, S3-S19.
Hulme, M., T.M.L. Wigley, E.M. Barrow, S.C.B. Raper, A. Centella, S. Smith, and A.C. Chipanshi, 2000: Using a Climate Scenario Generator for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments: MAGICC and SCENGEN, Version 2.4 Workbook. Climatic Research Unit, East Anglia University, Norwich, United Kingdom, 52 pp.
Huntley, B., W.P. Cramer, A.V. Morgan, I.C. Prentice, and J.R.M. Allen (eds.), 1997: Past and Future Rapid Environmental Changes: The Spatial and Evolutionary Responses of Terrestrial Biota. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 523 pp. IASC, 1995: Effects of Increased Ultraviolet Radiation in the Arctic. IASC Report 2, International Arctic Science Committee, Oslo, Norway, 56 pp.
IPCC, 1990: Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment [Tegart, W.J.McG., G.W. Sheldon, and D.C. Griffiths (eds.)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 210 pp.
IPCC, 1994: IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations. Part of the IPCC Special Report to the First Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Working Group II, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Carter, T.R., M.L. Parry, H. Harasawa, and S. Nishioka (eds.)]. University College London, United Kingdom and Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, 59 pp.
IPCC, 1996a: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 572 pp.
IPCC, 1996b: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 880 pp.
IPCC, 1998: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Special Report of IPCC Working Group II [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 517 pp.
IPCC, 2000: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, and D.J. Dokken (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 377 pp.
IPCC-DDC, 1999: The IPCC Data Distribution Centre: Providing Climate Change and Related Scenarios for Impacts Assessments, CD-ROM Version 1.0, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom. Available online at http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk.
IPCC-TGCIA, 1999: Guidelines on the Use of Scenario Data for Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment. Version 1 [Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, and M. Lal (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Task Group on Scenarios for Climate Impact Assessment, 69 pp. Available online at http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru_data/support/guidelines.html.
Izrael, Yu.A. and A.V. Tsyban, 1989: Anthropogenic Ecology of the Ocean. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, Russia, 528 pp. (in Russian).
Jackett, D.R., T.J. McDougall, M.H. England, and A.C. Hirst, 2000: Thermal expansion in ocean and coupled general circulation models. Journal of Climate, 13, 1384-1405.
Jackman, C.H., E.L. Flemming, S. Chandra, D.B. Considine, and J.E. Rosenfeld, 1996: Past, present and future modeled ozone trends with comparisons to observed trends. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 28753-28767.
Jones, R.N., 2000: Managing uncertainty in climate change projections--issues for impact assessment. Climatic Change, 45, 403-419.
Jones, R.N., K.J. Hennessy, and D.J. Abbs, 1999: Climate Change Analysis Relevant to Jabiluka, Attachment C--Assessment of the Jabiluka Project. Report of the Supervising Scientist to the World Heritage Committee, Environment Australia, Canberra, Australia, 24 pp.
Jordan, A., T. O'Riordan, K. Turner, and I. Lorenzoni, 2000: Europe in the new millennium. In: Assessment of Potential Effects and Adaptation for Climate Change in Europe: The Europe ACACIA Project [Parry, M.L. (ed.)]. Jackson Environment Institute, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, pp. 35-45.
Kasischke, E.S. and B.J. Stocks (eds.), 2000: Fire, Climate Change and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, 461 pp.
Kattenberg, A., F. Giorgi, H. Grassl, G.A. Meehl, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer, T. Tokioka, A.J. Weaver, and T.M.L. Wigley, 1996: Climate models--projections of future climate. In: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 285-357.
Katz, R.W. and M.B. Parlange, 1996: Mixtures of stochastic processes: application to statistical downscaling. Climate Research, 7, 185-193.
Kirschbaum, M.U.F., P. Bullock, J.R. Evans, K. Goulding, P.G. Jarvis, I.R. Noble, M. Rounsevell, and T.D. Sharkey, 1996: Ecophysiological, ecological, and soil processes in terrestrial ecosystems: a primer on general concepts and relationships. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 57-74.
Klein, R.J.T. and R.J. Nicholls, 1998: Coastal zones. In: UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Studies [Burton, I., J.F. Feenstra, J.B. Smith, and R.S.J. Tol (eds.)]. Version 2.0, United Nations Environment Programme and Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, chapter 7, pp. 1-36. Available online at http://www.vu.nl/english/o_o/instituten/ IVM/research/climatechange/Handbook.htm.
Klein Goldewijk, C.G.M., 2001: Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: the HYDE 2.0 database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, (in press).
Klein Tank, A.M.G. and G.P. Können, 1997: Simple temperature scenario for a Gulf Stream-induced climate change. Climatic Change, 37, 505-512.
Kneshgi, H.S. and A.G. Lapenis, 1996: Estimating the accuracy of Russian paleotemperature reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 121, 221-237.
Koruba, V., M.A. Jabbar, and J.A. Akinwumi, 1996: Crop-livestock competition in the West African derived savannah: application of a multi-objective programming model. Agricultural Systems, 52, 439-453.
Kropff, M., 1989: Quantification of SO2 Effects on Physiological Processes, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Diss. Wageningen Agricultural University, CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, The Netherlands, 201 pp.
Krupa, S.V. and H.-J. Jäger, 1996: Adverse effects of elevated levels of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation and ozone (O3) on crop growth and productivity. In: Global Climate Change and Agricultural Production: Direct and Indirect Effects of Changing Hydrological, Pedological and Plant Physiological Processes [Bazzaz, F. and W. Sombroek (eds.)]. John Wiley, Chichester, 141-169.
Krupa, S.V., R.N. Kickert, and H.-J. Jäger, 1998: Elevated Ultraviolet (UV)-B Radiation and Agriculture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 296 pp.
Kutzbach, J., G. Bonan, J. Foley, and S.P. Harrison, 1996: Vegetation and soil feedbacks on the response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing in the early to middle Holocene. Nature, 384, 623-626.
Langner, J. and H. Rodhe, 1991: A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 13, 225-263. Lean, J. and P.R. Rowntree, 1997: Understanding the sensitivity of a GCM simulation of Amazonian deforestation to the specification of vegetation and soil characteristics. Journal of Climate, 10, 1216-1235.
Leemans, R., 1999: Modelling for species and habitats: new opportunities for problem solving. The Science of the Total Environment, 240, 51-73.
Leemans, R. and G.J. van den Born, 1994: Determining the potential global distribution of natural vegetation, crops and agricultural productivity. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 76, 133-161.
Leemans, R., S. Agrawala, J.A. Edmonds, M.C. MacCracken, R.M. Moss, and P.S. Ramakrishnan, 1996a: Mitigation: cross-sectoral and other issues. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 799-797.
Leemans, R., W. Cramer, and J.G. van Minnen, 1996b: Prediction of global biome distribution using bioclimatic equilibrium models. In: Effects of Global Change on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands [Melillo, J.M. and A. Breymeyer (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp. 413-450.
Leemans, R., E. Kreileman, G. Zuidema, J. Alcamo, M. Berk, G.J. van den Born, M. den Elzen, R. Hootsmans, M. Janssen, M. Schaeffer, A.M.C. Toet, and H.J.M. de Vries, 1998: The IMAGE User Support System: Global Change Scenarios from IMAGE 2.1. RIVM Publication 4815006, CD-ROM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Leggett, J., W.J. Pepper, and R.J. Swart, 1992: Emissions Scenarios for IPCC: an update. In: Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment [Houghton, J.T., B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 69-95.
Lelieveld, J. and A.M. Thompson, 1998: Tropospheric ozone and related processes. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion. In: Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project [Albritton, D.L., P.J. Aucamp, G. Megie, and R.T. Watson (eds.)]. Report No. 44, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Longstreth, J., F.R. de Gruijl, M.L. Kripke, S. Abseck, F. Arnold, H.I. Slaper, G. Velders, Y. Takizawa, and J.C. van der Leun, 1998: Health risks. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46, 20-39.
Lorenzo, E. and L. Teixiera, 1997: Sensitivity of storm waves in Montevideo (Uruguay) to a hypothetical climate change. Climate Research, 9, 81-85.
Lorenzoni, I., A. Jordan., M. Hulme., R.K. Turner, and T. O'Riordan, 2000: A co-evolutionary approach to climate change impact assessment: part I: integrating socio-economic and climate change scenarios. Global Environmental Change, 10, 57-68.
Lough, J.M., T.M.L. Wigley, and J.P. Palutikof, 1983: Climate and climate impact scenarios for Europe in a warmer world. Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology, 22, 1673-1684.
Loveland, T.R. and A.S. Belward, 1997: The IGBP-DIS global 1 km land cover data set, DISCover: first results. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18, 3291-3295.
Madronich, S., R.L. McKenzie, L.O. Bjorn, and M.M. Caldwell, 1998: Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46, 5-19.
Manabe, S., R.J. Stouffer, M.J. Spelman, and K. Bryan, 1991: Transient responses of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2: part I: annual mean response. Journal of Climate, 4, 785-818.
Manzi, A.O. and S. Planton, 1996: A simulation of Amazonian deforestation using a GCM calibrated with ABRACOS and ARME data. In: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate [Gash, J.H.C., C.A. Nobre, J.M. Roberts, and R.L. Victoria (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp. 505-529. Martens, P., 1998: Health and Climate Change: Modelling the Impacts of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion. Earthscan Publications, London, United Kingdom, 176 pp.
Martens, P., R.S. Kovats, S. Nijhof, P. de Vries, M.T.J. Livermore, D.J. Bradley, J. Cox, and A.J. McMichael, 1999: Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria. Global Environmental Change, 9, S89-S107.
Martin, M.J., 1997: Models of the Interactive Effects of Rising Ozone, Carbon Dioxide and Temperature on Canopy Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Isoprene Emission. Diss. University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom, 165 pp.
Materna, J., 1981: Concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air and sulfur content in Norway spruce needles (Picea abies Karst.). Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Cechosloveniae, 12, 137-146.
Matsuoka, Y., M. Kainuma, and T. Morita, 1995: Scenario analysis of global warming using the Asian Pacific Integrated Model (AIM). Energy Policy, 23, 357-371.
Matthijsen, J., K. Suhre, R. Rosset, F. Eisele, R. Mauldin, and D. Tanner, 1998: Photodissociation and UV radiative transfer in a cloudy atmosphere: modeling and measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 16665-16676.
Mayerhofer, P., J. Alcamo, J.G. van Minnen, M. Posch, R. Guardans, B.S. Gimeno, T. van Harmelen, and J. Bakker, 2000: Regional Air Pollution and Climate Change in Europe: an Integrated Analysis (AIR-CLIM). Progress Report 2, Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany, 59 pp. Available online at http://www.usf.uni-kassel.de/service/bibliothek.htm.
McDonald, N.J. and B.A. O'Connor, 1996: Changes in wave impact on the Flemish coast due to increased mean sea level. Journal of Marine Systems, 7, 133-144.
McFarlane, N.A., G.J. Boer, J.-P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare, 1992: The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate. Journal of Climate, 5, 1013-1044.
McGregor, J.J., 1997: Regional climate modeling. Meteorological Atmospheric Physics, 63, 105-117.
McInnes, K.L. and G.D. Hubbert, 1996: Extreme Events and the Impact of Climate Change on Victoria's Coastline. Report No. 488, Victorian Environment Protection Authority, Melbourne, Australia, 69 pp.
McInnes, K.L., K.J.E. Walsh, and A.B. Pittock, 2000: Impact of Sea Level Rise and Storm Surges on Coastal Resorts. CSIRO Tourism Research: Final Report. Division of Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial and Research Organisation, Aspendale, Australia, 13 pp.
McKenzie, R.L., B. Connor, and G. Bodeker, 1999: Increased summertime UV radiation in New Zealand in response to ozone loss. Science, 285, 1709-1711.
McPeters, R.D., S.M. Hollandsworth, L.E.Flynn, J.R.Herman, and C.J.Seftor, 1996: Long-term ozone trends derived from the 16-year combined Nimbus 7/Meteor 3 TOMS Version 7 record. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 3699-3702.
Meadows, D.H., D.L. Meadows, and J. Randers, 1992: Beyond the Limits: Global Collapse of a Sustainable Future. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, United Kingdom, 300 pp.
Mearns, L.O., C. Rosenzweig, and R. Goldberg, 1992: Effect of changes in interannual climatic variability on CERES-Wheat yields: sensitivity and 2xCO2 general circulation model studies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 62, 159-189.
Mearns, L.O., C. Rosenzweig, and R. Goldberg, 1996: The effect of changes in daily and interannual climatic variability on CERES-Wheat: a sensitivity study. Climatic Change, 32, 257-292.
Mearns, L.O., C. Rosenzweig, and R. Goldberg, 1997: Mean and variance change in climate scenarios: methods, agricultural applications, and measures of uncertainty. Climatic Change, 35, 367-396. Mearns, L.O., W. Easterling, and C. Hays, 1998: The effect of spatial scale of climate change scenarios on the determination of impacts: an example of agricultural impacts on the Great Plains. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Regional Modeling of the General Monsoon System in Asia, Beijing, October 20-23, 1998. START Regional Committee for Temperate East Asia Report No. 4, Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training (START) Regional Center for Temperate East Asia, Beijing, China, pp. 70-73.
Mearns, L.O., T. Mavromatis, E. Tsvetsinskaya, C. Hays, and W. Easterling, 1999: Comparative responses of EPIC and CERES crop models to high and low resolution climate change scenario. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(D6), 6623-6646.
Mearns, L.O., W. Easterling, and C. Hays, 2001: Comparison of agricultural impacts of climate change calculated from high and low resolution climate model scenarios: part I: the uncertainty of spatial scale. Climatic Change, (in press).
Mela, T. and T. Suvanto, 1987: Peltokasvien Satoennuste Vuoteen 2000 (Field Crop Yield Forecast to the Year 2000). Publication No. 14, Department of Crop Husbandry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 201 pp. (in Finnish).
Mendelsohn, R. and J. Neumann, 1999: The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 344 pp.
Mitchell, J.F.B., 1990: Greenhouse warming: is the mid-Holocene a good analogue? Journal of Climate, 3, 1177-1192.
Mitchell, J.F.B. and T.C. Johns, 1997: On the modification of global warming by sulphate aerosols. Journal of Climate, 10, 245-267.
Mitchell, J.F.B., S. Manabe, V. Meleshko, and T. Tokioka, 1990: Equilibrium climate change--and its implications for the future. In: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment [Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 131-164.
Mitchell, J.F.B., T.C. Johns, M. Eagles, W.J. Ingram, and R.A. Davis, 1999: Towards the construction of climate change scenarios. Climatic Change, 41, 547-581.
Montzka, S.A., J.H. Butler, R.C. Myers, T.M.Thompson, T.H. Swanson, A.D. Clarke, L.T Lock, and J.W. Elkins, 1996: Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogens from halocarbons: implications for stratospheric ozone depletion. Science, 272, 1318-1322.
Morgan, M.G. and D. Keith, 1995: Subjective judgements by climate experts. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 468-476.
Moss, R.H. and S.H. Schneider, 2000: Uncertainties in the IPCC TAR: recommendations to lead authors for more consistent assessment and reporting. In: Guidance Papers on the Cross Cutting Issues of the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC [Pachauri, R., T. Taniguchi, and K. Tanaka (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 33-51.
Moxey, A.P., B. White, and J.R. O'Callaghan, 1995: CAP reform: an application of the NELUP Economic model. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 38, 117-123.
Munasinghe, M., 2000: Development, equity and sustainability (DES) in the context of climate change. In: Guidance Papers on the Cross Cutting Issues of the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC [Pachauri, R., T. Taniguchi, and K. Tanaka (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 69-90.
Murphy, J.M., 1995: Transient response of the Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing carbon dioxide: part I: control climate and flux correction. Journal of Climate, 8, 36-56.
Nakicenovic, N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J. Fenhann, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory, A. Grübler, T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E.L. La Rovere, L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W. Pepper, H. Pitcher, L. Price, K. Raihi, A. Roehrl, H.-H. Rogner, A. Sankovski, M. Schlesinger, P. Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S. van Rooijen, N. Victor, and Z. Dadi, 2000: Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 599 pp. National Assessment Synthesis Team, 1998: US National Assessment: Socio-Economic Scenarios Guidance Document. United States Global Change Research Program, National Assessment Coordination Office, Washington, D.C., USA. Available online at http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/ meetings/socio-econ.html.
NDU, 1978: Climate Change to the Year 2000. National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA.
Nerem, R.S., 1999: Measuring very low frequency sea level variations using satellite altimeter data. Global and Planetary Change, 20, 157-171.
Nerem, R.S., B.J. Haines, H. Hendricks, J.F. Minster, G.T. Mitchum, and W.B. White, 1997: Improved determination of global mean sea level variations using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 1331-1334.
New, M., 1999: Uncertainty in representing the observed climate. In: Representing Uncertainty in Climate Change Scenarios and Impact Studies. Proceedings of the ECLAT-2 Helsinki Workshop, 14-16 April, 1999 [Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, and D. Viner (eds.)]. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, pp. 59-66.
NIVA, 1998: Critical Loads and their Exceedances for ICP-Waters Sites. Programme Centre of the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway, 35 pp.
Nicholls, R.J., 1995: Synthesis of vulnerability analysis studies. In: Preparing to Meet the Coastal Challenges of the 21st Century, Vol. 1. Proceedings of the World Coast Conference, November 1-5, 1993, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. CZM-Centre Publication No. 4, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 181-216.
Nicholls, R.J., F.M.J. Hoozemans, and M. Marchand, 1999: Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change, 9, S69-S87.
Nicholson, S.E., C.J. Tucker, and M.B. Ba, 1998: Desertification, drought, and surface vegetation: an example from the West African Sahel. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 815-829.
NPA Data Services, 1999: Analytic documentation of three alternate socio-economic projections, 1997-2050. NPA Data Services, Inc., Washington, DC, USA.
Ogilvy, J., 1992: Future studies and the human sciences: the case for normative scenarios. Futures Research Quarterly, 8(2), 5-65.
Ohmura, A., M. Wild, and L. Bengtsson, 1996: A possible change in the mass balance of Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets in the coming century. Journal of Climate, 9, 2124-2135.
Ojanperä, K., E. Pätsikkä, and T. Yläranta, 1998: Effects of low ozone exposure of spring wheat in open-top chambers on net CO2--uptake, rubisco, leaf senescence and grain filling. New Phytologist, 138, 451-460.
Olesen, J.E., 1999: Uncertainty in impact studies: agroecosystems. In: Representing Uncertainty in Climate Change Scenarios and Impact Studies. Proceedings of the ECLAT-2 Helsinki Workshop, 14-16 April, 1999 [Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, and D. Viner (eds.)]. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, pp. 78-82.
Olivo, M.D., 1997: Assessment of the vulnerability of Venezuela to sea-level rise. Climate Research, 9, 57-65.
Pan, Y.A., A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, and J.D. Melillo, 1996: The importance of climate and soils for estimates of net primary production: a sensitivity analysis with the terrestrial ecosystem model. Global Change Biology, 2, 5-23. Parry, M.L. (ed.), 2000: Assessment of Potential Effects and Adaptation for Climate Change in Europe: The Europe ACACIA Project. Jackson Environment Institute, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, 320 pp.
Parry, M. and M. Livermore (eds.), 1999: A new assessment of the global effects of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 9, S1-S107.
Parry, M., C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, G. Fischer, and M. Livermore, 1999: Climate change and world food security: a new assessment. Global Environmental Change, 9, S51-S67.
Parson, E.A., 1999: Assessment methods II: socio-economic scenarios. Acclimations, 4, 7. Newsletter of the U.S. National Assessment of Climate Variability and Change available online at http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/ newsletter/1999.02/SocEc.htm.
Parson, E.A. and K. Fisher-Vanden, 1997: Integrated assessment models of global climate change. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 22, 589-628.
Peltier, W.R., 1998: Postglacial variations in the level of the sea: implications for climate dynamics and solid-earth geophysics. Reviews of Geophysics, 36, 603-689.
Penner, J.E., C.A. Atherton, and T.E. Graedel, 1994: Global emissions and models of photochemically active compounds. In: Global Atmospheric-Biospheric Chemistry [Prinn, R.G., (ed.)]. Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 223-248.
Penning de Vries, F.W.T., R. Rabbinge, and J.J.R. Groot, 1997: Potential and attainable food production and food security in different regions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 352, 917-928.
Pepper, W., W. Barbour, A. Sankovski, and B. Braatz, 1998: No-policy greenhouse gas emission scenarios: revisiting IPCC 1992. Environmental Science and Policy, 1, 289-312.
Peters, R.L. and T.E. Lovejoy (eds.), 1992: Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA, 386 pp.
Peters, L.K., C.M. Berkowitz, G.R. Carmichael, R.C. Easter, G. Fairweather, S.J. Ghan, G.M. Hales, L.R. Laung, W.R. Pennell, F.A. Potra, and R.D. Saylor, 1995: The current state and future direction of eulerian modelings in simulation the tropospheric chemistry and transport of trace species: a review. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 189-222.
Petterson, R., A.J.S. McDonald, and I. Stadenberg, 1993: Response of small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) to elevated CO2 and nitrogen supply. Plant, Cell and Environment, 16, 1115-1121.
Pittock, A.B., 1989: Book review: societal responses to regional climatic change [Glantz, M. (ed.)]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 70, 1150-1152.
Pittock, A.B., 1993: Climate scenario development. In: Modelling Change in Environmental Systems [Jakeman, A.J., M.B. Beck, and M.J. McAleer (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp. 481-503.
Pittock, A.B., 1999: Climate change: question of significance. Nature, 397, 657.
Pittock, A.B. and R.N. Jones, 2000: Adaptation to what and why? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 61, 9-35.
Poorter, H., 1993: Interspecific variation in the growth response of plants to an elevated ambient CO2 concentration. Vegetatio, 104/105, 77-97.
Posch, M., J.-P. Hettelingh, J. Alcamo, and M. Krol, 1996: Integrated scenarios of acidification and climate change in Asia and Europe. Global Environmental Change, 6, 375-394.
Rabbinge, R. and M. Van Oijen, 1997: Scenario studies for future agriculture and crop protection. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103, 197-201.
Ramankutty, N. and J.A. Foley, 1999: Estimating historical changes in global land cover: croplands from 1700 to 1992. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13, 997-1027. Raskin, P., P., Gleick, P., Kirshen, G., Pontius, and K. Strzepek, 1997: Water Futures: Assessment of Long-Range Patterns and Problems. Background Report for the Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 78 pp.
Raskin, P., G. Gallopin, P. Gutman, A. Hammond, and R. Swart, 1998: Bending the Curve: Toward Global Sustainability. Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 90 pp. (plus appendices).
Reich, P.B., D.S. Ellsworth, B.D. Kleoppel, J.H. Fowner, and G.T. Grower, 1990: Vertical variation in canopy structure and CO2 exchange of oak-maple forests: influence of ozone, nitrogen, and other factors on simulated canopy carbon gain. Tree Physiology, 7, 329-345.
Reilly, J., W. Baethgen, F.E. Chege, S. van de Geijn, L. Erda, A. Iglesias, G. Kenny, D. Patterson, J. Rogasik, R. Rötter, W. Sombroek, J. Westbrook, D. Bachelet, M. Brklacich, U. Dämmgen, M. Howden, R.J.V. Joyce, P.D. Lingren, D. Schimmelpfennig, U. Singh, O. Sirotenko, and E. Wheaton, 1996: Agriculture in a changing climate: impacts and adaptation. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 427-467.
Risbey, J.S. and P.H. Stone, 1996: A case study of the adequacy of GCM simulations for input to regional climate change assessments. Journal of Climate, 9, 1441-1467.
Risbey, J., M. Kandlikar, and H. Dowlatabadi, 1999: Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 4, 137-165.
Robock, A., R.P. Turco, M.A. Harwell, T.P. Ackerman, R. Andressen, H-S. Chang, and M.V.K. Sivakumar, 1993: Use of general circulation model output in the creation of climate change scenarios for impact analysis. Climatic Change, 23, 293-335.
Roeckner, E., K. Arpe, L. Bengtsson, M. Christoph, M. Claussen, L. Dümenil, M. Esch, M. Giorgetta, U. Schlese, and U. Schulzweida, 1996: The Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM-4: Model Description and Simulation of Present-Day Climate. Report No. 218, Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp.
Rosegrant, M.W., M. Agcaoili-Saombilla, and N.D. Perez, 1995: Global Food Projections to 2020: Implications for Investment, Food, Agriculture and the Environment. 2020 Vision Discussion Paper 5, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA, 54 pp.
Rosenberg, N.J. (ed.), 1993: Towards an integrated assessment of climate change: the MINK Study. Climatic Change (Special Issue), 24, 1-173.
Rosenberg, N.J., P.R. Crosson, K.D. Frederick, W.E. Easterling, M.S. McKenney, M.D. Bowes, R.A. Sedjo, J. Darmstadter, L.A. Katz, and K.M. Lemon, 1993: The MINK methodology: background and baseline: paper 1. Climatic Change, 24, 7-22.
Rosenthal, D.H., H.K. Gruenspecht, and E.A. Moran, 1995: Effects of global warming on energy use for space heating and cooling in the United States. Energy Journal, 16, 41-54.
Rosenzweig, C. and M.L. Parry, 1994: Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature, 367, 133-138.
Rosenzweig, C., J. Phillips, R. Goldberg, J. Carroll, and T. Hodges, 1996: Potential impacts of climate change on citrus and potato production in the U.S. Agricultural Systems, 52, 455-479.
Rotmans, J. and B. de Vries (eds.), 1997: Perspectives on Global Change: The TARGETS Approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 479 pp.
Rotmans, J. and H. Dowlatabadi, 1998: Integrated assessment modelling. In: Human Choice and Climate Change. Volume 3: The Tools for Policy Analysis [Rayner, S. and E.L. Malone (eds.)]. Batelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, USA, pp. 291-377. Rotmans, J., M. Hulme, and T.E. Downing, 1994: Climate change implications for Europe: an application of the ESCAPE model. Global Environmental Change, 4, 97-124.
Rovinsky, F.Ya. and V.I. Yegorov, 1986: Ozone and Oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen in the Lower Atmosphere. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, Russia, 184 pp. (in Russian).
Rummukainen, M., 1997: Methods for Statistical Downscaling of GCM Simulations. Report No. 80, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden, 29 pp.
Runeckles, V.C. and S.V. Krupa, 1994: The impact of UV-B radiation and ozone on terrestrial vegetation. Environmental Pollution, 83, 191-213.
Ryaboshapko, A.G., L. Gallardo, E. Klellstrom, S. Gromov, S. Paramonov, O. Afinogenova, and H. Rodhe, 1998: Balance of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen over the former Soviet Union territory. Atmospheric Environment, 32(4), 647-658.
Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin III, J.J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R. Leemans, D. Lodge, H.A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, L. Poff, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker, and D. Wall, 2000: Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287, 1770-1774.
Sælthun, N.R., P. Aittoniemi, S. Bergström, K. Einarsson, T. Jóhannesson, G. Lindström, P.-E. Ohlsson, T. Thomsen, B. Vehviläinen, and K.O. Aamodt, 1998: Climate change impacts on runoff and hydropower in the Nordic countries. In: TemaNord, 552. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, 170 pp.
Santer, B., 1985: The use of general circulation models in climate impact analysis--a preliminary study of the impacts of a CO2-induced climatic change on West European agriculture. Climatic Change, 7, 71-93.
Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, M.E. Schlesinger, and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1990: Developing Climate Scenarios from Equilibrium GCM Results. Report No. 47, Max-Planck-Institut-für-Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 29 pp.
Sarmiento, J.L., T.M.C. Hughes, R.J. Stouffer, and S. Manabe, 1998: Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature, 393, 245-249.
Saunders, P.W.J., 1985: Regulations and research on SO2 and its effects on plants in the European Communities. In: Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology and Policy Issues [Winner, W.E., H.A. Mooney, and R.A. Goldstein (eds.)]. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, USA, pp. 37-55.
Schimel, D., I. Enting, M. Heimann, T. Wigley, D. Raynaud, D. Alves, and U. Siegenthaler, 1995: CO2 and the carbon cycle. In: Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 35-71.
Schimel, D., M. Grubb, F. Joos, R. Kaufmann, R. Moss, W. Ogana, R. Richels, T. Wigley, R. Cannon, J. Edmonds, E. Haites, D. Harvey, A. Jain, R. Leemans, K. Miller, R. Parkin, E. Sulzman, R. Tol, J. de Wolde, and M. Bruno, 1997a: Stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gases: physical, biological, and socio-economic implications. IPCC Technical Paper III [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, D.J. Griggs, and K. Maskell (eds)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland, 51 pp.
Schimel, D.S., VEMAP members, and B.H. Braswell, 1997b. Continental scale variability in ecosystem processes: models, data, and the role of disturbance. Ecological Monographs, 67, 251-271.
Schlesinger, M.E. and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1987: Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide. Reviews of Geophysics, 25, 760-798.
Schlesinger, M.E. and Z.C. Zhao, 1989: Seasonal climate changes induced by doubled CO2 as simulated by the OSU atmospheric GCM mixed layer ocean model. Journal of Climate, 2, 459-495.
Schöpp, W., M. Amann, J. Cofala, C. Heyes, and Z. Klimont, 1999: Integrated assessment of European air pollution emission control strategies. Environmental Modelling and Software, 14, 1-9.
Sellers, P.J., L. Bounoua, G.J. Collatz, D.A. Randall, D.A. Dazlich, S.O. Los, J.A. Berry, I. Fung, C.J. Tucker, C.B. Field, and T.G. Jensen, 1996: Comparison of radiative and physiological effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 on climate. Science, 271, 1402-1406.
Semenov, M.A. and E.M. Barrow, 1997: Use of a stochastic weather generator in the development of climate change scenarios. Climatic Change, 35, 397-414.
Semenov, M.A. and J.R. Porter, 1995: Climatic variability and the modelling of crop yields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 73, 265-283.
Semenov, S.M., B.A. Koukhta, and A.A. Rudkova, 1997: Assessment of the tropospheric ozone effect on higher plants. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 12, 36-40.
Semenov, S.M., I.M. Kounina, and B.A. Koukhta, 1998: An ecological analysis of anthropogenic changes in ground-level concentrations of O3, SO2, and CO2 in Europe. Doklady Biological Sciences, 361, 344-347.
Semenov, S.M., I.M. Kounina, and B.A. Koukhta, 1999: Tropospheric Ozone and Plant Growth in Europe. Publishing Center, Meteorology and Hydrology, Moscow, Russia, 88 pp. (in Russian with English summary).
SEPA, 1993: Ground-Level Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants in the Environment. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, 68 pp.
Shiklomanov, I.A., 1998: Assessment of Water Resources and Water Availability in the World. Background Report for the Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 88 pp.
Shindell, D.T., D. Rind, and P. Lonergan, 1998: Climate change and the middle atmosphere: part IV: ozone response to doubled CO2. Journal of Climate, 11, 895-918.
Shine, K.P., R.G. Derwent, D.J. Wuebbles, and J-J. Morcrette, 1990: Radiative forcing of climate. In: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment [Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 41-68.
Simpson, D., 1992: Long-period modelling of photochemical oxidants in Europe: calculations for July 1985. Atmospheric Environment, 26A, 1609-1634.
Simpson, D., 1995a: Hydrocarbon reactivity and ozone formation in Europe. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 20, 163-177.
Simpson, D., 1995b: Biogenic emissions in Europe 2: implications for ozone control strategies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D11), 22891-22906.
Simpson, D., A. Guenther, C.N. Hewitt, and R. Steinbrecher, 1995: Biogenic emissions in Europe 1; estimates and uncertainties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D11), 22875-22890.
Simpson, D., K. Olendrzynski, A. Semb, E. Støren, and S. Unger, 1997: Photochemical Oxidant Modelling in Europe: Multi-Annual Modelling and Source-Receptor Relationships. EMEP/MSC-W Report 3/97, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway.
Sirotenko, O.D., E.V. Abashina, and V.N. Pavlova, 1995: Sensitivity of agriculture of Russia to changes in climate, chemical composition of the atmosphere and soil fertility. Meteorology and Hydrology, 4, 107-114 (in Russian).
Skole, D. and C. Tucker, 1993: Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science, 260, 1905-1910.
Spencer, N.E., and P.L. Woodworth, 1993: Data Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Bidston, Birkenhead, United Kingdom, 81 pp.
Smith, I.N., 1998: Estimating mass balance components of the Greenland ice sheet from a long-term GCM simulation. Global and Planetary Change, 20, 19-32.
Smith, J.B. and M. Hulme, 1998: Climate change scenarios. In: UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Studies [Burton, I., J.F. Feenstra, J.B. Smith, and R.S.J. Tol (eds.)]. Version 2.0, United Nations Environment Programme and Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, pp. 3-1 to 3-40. Available online at http://www.vu.nl/english/o_o/instituten/IVM/ research/climatechange/Handbook.htm Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.), 1989: The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. Report to Congress, United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-230-05-89-050, Washington, DC, USA, 409 pp.
Smith, J.B., S. Huq, S. Lenhart, L.J. Mata, I. Nemesová, and S. Toure (eds.), 1996: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change. Interim Results from the U.S. Country Studies Program. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 366 pp.
Smith, I.N., W.F. Budd, and P. Reid, 1998: Model estimates of Antarctic accumulation rates and their relationship to temperature changes. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 246-250.
Sokolov, A.P. and P.H. Stone, 1998: A flexible climate model for use in integrated assessments, Climate Dynamics, 14, 291-303.
Sokolov, A., C. Wang, G. Holian, P. Stone, and R. Prinn, 1998: Uncertainty in the oceanic heat and carbon uptake and its impact on climate projections. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 3603-3606.
Spencer, N.E. and P.L. Woodworth, 1993: Data Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (November 1993). Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Bidston, Birkenhead, United Kingdom, 81 pp.
Stevenson, D.S., C.E. Johnson, W.J. Collins, R.G. Derwent, and J.M. Edwards, 2000: Future tropospheric ozone radiative forcing and methane turnover--the impact of climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 2073-2076.
Stocker, T.F. and A. Schmittner, 1997: Influence of CO2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature, 388, 862-865.
Strain, B.R. and J.D. Cure (eds.), 1985: Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation. DOE/ER-0238, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Washington, DC, USA, 286 pp.
Strzepek, K.M., S.C. Onyeji, M. Saleh, and D. Yates, 1995: An assessment of integrated climate change impact on Egypt. In: As Climate Changes: International Impacts and Implications [Strzepek, K.M. and J. Smith (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 180-200.
Sullivan, J.H., 1997: Effects of increasing UV-B radiation and atmospheric CO2 on photosynthesis and growth: implications for terrestrial ecosystems. Plant Ecology, 128, 195-206.
Terjung, W.H., D.M. Liverman, J.T. Hayes, P.A. O'Rourke, and P.E. Todhunter, 1984: Climatic change and water requirements for grain corn in the North American Great Plains. Climatic Change, 6, 193-220.
Texier, D., N. de Noblet, S.P. Harrison, A. Haxeltine, D. Jolly, S. Joussaume, F. Laarif, I.C. Prentice, and P. Tarasov, 1997: Quantifying the role of biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks in climate change: a coupled model simulation for 6000 yr BP and comparison with paleodata for northern Eurasia and northern Africa. Climate Dynamics, 13, 865-881.
Thompson, S.L. and D. Pollard, 1995: A global climate model (GENESIS) with a land-surface-transfer scheme (LSX): part II: CO2 sensitivity. Journal of Climate, 8, 1104-1121.
Thompson, S.L. and D. Pollard, 1997: Greenland and Antarctic mass balances for present and doubled CO2 from the GENESIS version 2 global climate model. Journal of Climate, 10, 871-900.
Titus, J. and V. Narayanan, 1996: The risk of sea level rise: a delphic Monte Carlo analysis in which twenty researchers specify subjective probability distributions for model coefficients within their respective areas of expertise. Climatic Change, 33(2), 151-212.
Tol, R., 1998: Socio-economic scenarios. In: UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Studies [Burton, I., J.F. Feenstra, J.B. Smith, and R.S.J. Tol (eds.)]. Version 2.0, United Nations Environment Programme and Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Chapter 2, pp. 1-19. Available online at http://www.vu.nl/english/o_o/instituten/ IVM/research/climatechange/Handbook.htm. Trenberth, K.E. and T.J. Hoar, 1997: El Niño and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 3057-3060.
Tsyban, A.V., 1997: Ecological problems associated with human activities affecting the World Ocean. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan. Oceanographic Society of Japan, Tsukuba, Japan, pp. 58-68.
Turner, B.L., D.L. Skole, S. Sanderson, G. Fischer, L. Fresco, and R. Leemans, 1995: Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Science/Research Plan. IGBP Report No. 35 and HDP Report No. 7, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme, Stockholm, Sweden, 132 pp.
UK-DETR, 1999: Climate Change and its Impacts: Stabilisation of CO2 in the Atmosphere. United Kingdom Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, The Met Office, Bracknell, UK, 28 pp.
UK National Foresight Programme, 1999: Environmental Futures. Office of Science and Technology, Department of Trade and Industry, London, United Kingdom, 24 pp.
UN/ECE, 1998: Integrated Assessment Modelling. Document EB.AIR/1998/1, UN Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva, Switzerland, 27 pp.
UNEP/GEMS, 1995: Water Quality of World River Basins [Fraser, A.S., M. Meybeck, and E.D. Ongley (eds.)]. UNEP Environment Library No. 14, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 40 pp.
Unsworth, M.H. and W.E. Hogsett, 1996: Combined effects of changing CO2, temperature, UV-B radiation and O3 on crop growth. In: Global Climate Change and Agricultural Production: Direct and Indirect Effects of Changing Hydrological, Pedological and Plant Physiological Processes [Bazzaz, F. and W. Sombroek (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 171-197.
Van de Wal, R.S.W. and J. Oerlemans, 1997: Modelling the short-term response of the Greenland ice-sheet to global warming. Climate Dynamics, 13, 733-744.
van der Sluijs, J.P., 1997: Anchoring Amid Uncertainty. On the Management of Uncertainties in Risk Assessment of Anthropogenic Climate Change. Diss. University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 260 pp.
Van Latesteijn, H.C., 1995: Assessment of future options for land use in the European Community. Ecological Engineering, 4, 211-222.
VEMAP members, 1995: Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project: comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 407-437.
Vitousek, P.M., J.D. Aber, R.W. Howarth, G.E. Likens, P.A. Matson, D.W. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, and D.G. Tilman, 1997: Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecological Applications, 7, 737-750.
von Storch, H., 1995: Inconsistencies at the interface of climate impact studies and global climate research. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, N.F., 4, 72-80.
von Storch, H., E. Zorita, and U. Cubasch, 1993: Downscaling of global climate change estimates to regional scales: an application to Iberian rainfall in wintertime. Journal of Climate, 6, 1161-1171.
Walker, B., W. Steffen J. Canadell, and J. Ingram (eds.), 1999: The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 439 pp.
Walsh, K.J.E., D.R. Jackett, T.J. McDougall, and A.B. Pittock, 1998: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise on the Gold Coast. Report Prepared for the Gold Coast City Council, CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Mordialloc, Australia, 34 pp. Warrick, R.A., C. Le Provost, M.F. Meier, J. Oerlemans, and P.L. Woodworth, 1996: Changes in sea level. In: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 359-405.
Washington, W.M. and G.A. Meehl, 1984: Seasonal cycle experiment on the climate sensitivity due to a doubling of CO2 with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 9475-9503.
Washington, W.M. and G.A. Meehl, 1996: High-latitude climate change in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model with increased atmospheric CO2. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 12795-12801.
Watterson, I.G., S.P. O'Farrell, and M.R. Dix, 1997: Energy transport in climates simulated by a GCM which includes dynamic sea-ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D10), 11027-11037.
WCC'93, 1994: Preparing to Meet the Coastal Challenges of the 21st Century. Report of the World Coast Conference, Noordwijk, 1-5 November 1993. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands, 49 pp. (plus appendices).
Wetherald, R.T. and S. Manabe, 1986: An investigation of cloud cover change in response to thermal forcing. Climatic Change, 8, 5-23.
Weyant, J., O. Davidson, H. Dowlabathi, J. Edmonds, M. Grubb, E.A. Parson, R. Richels, J. Rotmans, P.R. Shukla, R.S.J. Tol, W. Cline, and S. Fankhauser, 1996: Integrated assessment of climate change: an overview and comparison of approaches and results. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change [Bruce, J.P., H. Lee, and E.F. Haites (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 367-396.
Wheeler, T.R., T.D. Hong, R.H. Ellis, G.R. Batts, J.I.L. Morison, and P. Hadley, 1996: The duration and rate of grain growth, and harvest index, of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in response to temperature and CO2. Journal of Experimental Botany, 47, 623-630.
Whelpdale, D.M. and M.S. Kaiser (eds.), 1997: Global Acid Deposition Assessment. Global Atmosphere Watch No. 106, WMO-TD 777, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 241 pp.
Whetton, P.H., J.J. Katzfey, K. Nguyen, J.L. McGregor, C.M. Page, T.I. Eliot, and K.J. Hennessy, 1998: Fine Resolution Climate Change Scenarios for New South Wales. Part 2: Climatic Variability. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Atmospheric Research, Climate Impact Group, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia, 51 pp.
Whetton, P.H., J.J. Katzfey, K.J. Hennesey, X. Wu, J.L. McGregor, and K. Nguyen, 2001: Developing scenarios of climate change for southeastern Australia: an example using regional climate model output. Climate Research, (in press).
White, A., M.G.R. Cannell, and A.D. Friend, 1999: Climate change impacts on ecosystems and the terrestrial carbon sink: a new assessment. Global Environmental Change, 9, S21-S30.
WHO, 1995: Community Water Supply and Sanitation: Needs, Challenges and Health Objectives. Report A48/INF.DOC./2 of the Director-General, World Health Organization, World Health Assembly, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wigley, T.M.L. and S.C.B. Raper, 1992: Implications for climate and sea level of revised IPCC emissions scenarios. Nature, 357, 293-300.
Wigley, T.M.L. and S.C.B. Raper, 1993: Future changes in global mean temperature and thermal-expansion-related sea level rise. In: Climate and Sea Level Change: Observations, Predictions and Implications [Warrick, R.A., E.M. Barrow, and T.M.L. Wigley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 111-133.
Wigley, T.M.L. and S.C.B Raper, 1995: An heuristic model for sea level rise due to the melting of small glaciers. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 2749-2752. Wilby, R.L., 1997: Non-stationarity in daily precipitation series: implications for GCM down-scaling using atmospheric circulation indices. International Journal of Climatology, 17, 439-454.
Wilby, R.L. and T.M.L. Wigley, 1997: Downscaling general circulation model output: a review of methods and limitations. Progress in Physical Geography, 21, 530-548.
Wilby, R.L., T.M.L. Wigley, D. Conway, P.D. Jones, B.C. Hewitson, J. Main, and D.S. Wilks, 1998: Statistical downscaling of general circulation model output: a comparison of methods. Water Resources Research, 34, 2995-3008.
Wilks, D.S., 1992: Adapting stochastic weather generation algorithms for climate change studies. Climatic Change, 22, 67-84.
Williams, G.D.V., R.A. Fautley, K.H. Jones, R.B. Stewart, and E.E. Wheaton, 1988: Estimating effects of climatic change on agriculture in Saskatchewan, Canada. In: The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture. Volume 1. Assessments in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions [Parry, M.L., T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 219-379.
Wilson, C.A. and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1987: Simulated CO2 induced climate change over western Europe. Climatic Change, 10, 11-42.
Woodward, F.I., 1992: Predicting plant response to global environmental change. New Phytologist, 122, 230-251.
Woolhiser, D.A., T.O. Keefer, and K.T. Redmond, 1993: Southern oscillation effects on daily precipitation in the southwestern United States. Water Resources Research, 29, 1287-1295.
Yohe, G.W. and M.E. Schlesinger, 1998: Sea-level change: the expected economic cost of protection or abandonment in the United States. Climatic Change, 38, 337-472.
Yohe, G., M. Jacobsen, and T. Gapotchenko, 1999: Spanning "not-implausible" futures to assess relative vulnerability to climate change and climate variability. Global Environmental Change, 9, 233-249.
Zeidler, R.B., 1996: Climate change vulnerability and response strategies for the coastal zone of Poland. Climatic Change, 36, 151-173.
Zeng, N., 1998: Understanding climate sensitivity to tropical deforestation in a mechanistic model. Journal of Climate, 11, 1969-1975.
Zeng, N. and J.D. Neelin, 1999: A land-atmosphere interaction theory for the tropical deforestation problem. Journal of Climate, 12, 857-887.
Zepp, R.G., T.V. Callaghan, and D.J. Erickson, 1998: Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on biogeochemical cycles. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46, 69-82.
Zerefos, C.S. and F.B. Alkiviadis, 1997: Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Modelling, Measurements, and Effects. NATO Asi Series I, Global Environmental Change, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 52, 336 pp.
Zhang, H., A. Henderson-Sellers, and K. McGuffie, 1996: Impacts of tropical deforestation: part I: process analysis of local climatic change. Journal of Climate, 9, 1497-1517.
Zwartz, D., P. Tregoning, K. Lambeck, P. Johnston, and J. Stone, 1999: Estimates of present-day glacial rebound in the Lambert Glacier region, Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1461-1464.



Other reports in this collection