|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Freshwater and Climate Change |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8.19 | All three classes of freshwater problemshaving
too little, too much, and too dirty watermay be exacerbated by climate
change. Freshwater is essential for human health, food production,
and sanitation, as well as for manufacturing and other industrial uses and
sustaining ecosystems. There are several indicators of water resources stress.
When withdrawals are greater than 20% of the total renewable resources,
water stress often is a limiting factor on development. Withdrawals of 40%
or more represent high stress. Similarly, water stress may be a problem
if a country or region has less than 1,700 m 3 yr -1 of water per capita.
In the year 1990, approximately one-third of the worlds population
lived in countries using more than 20% of their water resources, and by
the year 2025 about 60% of a larger total would be living in such a stressed
country, only because of population growth. Higher temperatures could increase
such stress conditions. However, adaptation through appropriate
water management practices can reduce the adverse impacts. While climate
change is just one of the stresses on water resources in this increasingly
populated world, it is clear that it is an important one (see Table 8-2).
The TAR projections using the SRES scenarios of future climate indicate
a tendency for increased flood and drought risks for many areas under most
scenarios. Decreases of water availability in parts of a warmer world are
projected in areas like southern Africa and countries around the Mediterranean.
Because of sea-level rise, many coastal systems will experience saltwater
intrusion into fresh groundwater and encroachment of tidal water into estuaries
and river systems, with consequential effects on freshwater availability. |
WGII
TAR Sections 4.1, 4.4.3, 4.5.2, & 4.6.2 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8.20 | Water managers in some countries are beginning
to consider climate change explicitly, although methodologies for doing
so are not yet well defined. By its nature, water management is based
around minimization of risks and adaptation to changing circumstances, now
also changing climate. There has been a gradual shift from supply-side
approaches (i.e., providing water to satisfy demands by increased capacity
reservoirs or structural flood defenses) towards demand-side
approaches (i.e., trimming demands adequately to match water availability,
using water more efficiently, and non-structural
means of preparedness to floods and droughts). |
WGII TAR Section 4.2.4 |
Otra información en esta colección |